Authors : E. Bala Krishna Gowd; Dr. M. Sri Ramachandra; B. Sneha Reddy; Md. Musheed Ahmed; P. Moulali

Volume/Issue : Volume 11 - 2026, Issue 4 - April

Google Scholar : https://tinyurl.com/5329r7w6

Scribd : https://tinyurl.com/54hrs69x

DOI : https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/26apr162

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Abstract : Oral cancer, predominantly oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), is a major global health concern, particularly in developing countries, with significant morbidity and mortality (1–3). Despite advances in diagnostic and therapeutic strategies, the overall 5-year survival rate remains approximately 50–60%, largely due to late-stage diagnosis, recurrence, and therapeutic resistance (1,4). Major risk factors include tobacco use, alcohol consumption, and human papillomavirus (HPV) infection (5,6). The pathogenesis of oral cancer involves complex molecular mechanisms, including genetic mutations and dysregulation of key signaling pathways such as p53 and EGFR, contributing to tumor progression and metastasis (7,8). Conventional treatment modalities—surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy—remain the cornerstone of management (9,12,14). However, these approaches are often associated with significant toxicity and functional impairment. Recent advances in treatment strategies have introduced targeted therapy and immunotherapy as promising alternatives. Agents such as cetuximab and immune checkpoint inhibitors, including nivolumab and pembrolizumab, have demonstrated improved outcomes in advanced and recurrent cases (16–18). Additionally, emerging approaches such as gene therapy, photodynamic therapy, and nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems offer new avenues for improving therapeutic efficacy and reducing systemic toxicity (19–21). The integration of precision medicine, based on molecular profiling and biomarker identification, is further transforming oral cancer management by enabling personalized treatment strategies (22). This review highlights current treatment modalities and explores future directions aimed at improving survival and quality of life in patients with oral cancer.

Keywords : Oral Cancer; Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma; OSCC; Treatment Modalities; Surgery; Radiotherapy; Chemotherapy; Immunotherapy; Targeted Therapy; Precision Medicine.

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