Authors : Kipngeno Aaron; Patrick Kubai; Josephine Mutembei

Volume/Issue : Volume 9 - 2024, Issue 8 - August

Google Scholar : https://tinyurl.com/4kws2a6j

Scribd : https://tinyurl.com/yf8nwpke

DOI : https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/IJISRT24AUG1709

Abstract : Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) target 6.2 calls for 'adequate and equitable sanitation for all.' However, rapid urbanization in developing countries has led to the growth of slums, where access to private toilets is impractical. Evident studies showed that shared toilets are more often poorly managed with adverse harmful health risks such as diarrheal diseases, environmental pollution, and economic deprivations. The study's specific objective was to establish social-cultural factors influencing the management of shared sanitation in Nakuru Town's west slums, Nakuru County, Kenya. The study adopted a convergent parallel mixed-method design involving 288 household heads selected through a cluster and random sampling technique. Data was collected using a structured questionnaire and interview guides. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics was computed. The study findings indicated that the majority, 74.7%, of shared sanitation was poorly managed. The study established statistically significant associations of secondary education (p=0.024), marital status (p=0.025), user satisfaction (p=0.001), household sharing (p=0.000), social norms (p=0.001), cultural beliefs (p=0.002), Rituals on use and cleaning toilet (p=0.038), Privacy and modesty concerns (p=0.002) and management of shared sanitation. In conclusion, a large proportion of households in slums used poorly managed shared sanitation due to the influence of multiple factors like users' satisfaction, Household sharing, marital status, social norms, and cultural beliefs, thus polluting the public health of the place. The study recommended that the Government and all other agencies implementing sanitation promotion interventions should understand the social-cultural practices of the target communities and articulate this knowledge to tailor sanitation initiatives effectively. Future studies should focus on implementing and assessing the effectiveness of behavioral interventions.

Keywords : Households; Management of Shared Sanitation; Shared Sanitation; Slums; Social-Cultural Factors.

References :

1. Adane, M., Mengistie, B., Kloos, H., Medhin, G., & Mulat, W. (2017). Sanitation facilities, hygienic conditions, and prevalence of acute diarrhea among under-five children in slums of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Baseline survey of a longitudinal study. PloS one, 12(8), e0182783.
2. Adil, S., Nadeem, M., & Malik, I. (2021). Exploring the important determinants of access to safe drinking water and improved sanitation in Punjab, Pakistan. Water Policy, 23(4), 970-984.
3. Aiemjoy, K., Stoller, N. E., Gebresillasie, S., Shiferaw, A., Tadesse, Z., Sewent, T., ... & Oldenburg, C. E. (2017). Is using a latrine “a strange thing to do”? A mixed-methods study of sanitation preference and behaviors in rural Ethiopia. The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene, 96(1), 65.
4. Alam, M. U., Schelbert, V., Meili, D., Ferdous, S., & Lüthi, C. (2021). Shared Sanitation   in Low-income Urban Settlements in Bangladesh. ETH Zurich.
5. Amref Health Africa, 2020.  Water, Sanitation and Hygiene and Neglected Tropical Disease (WASH & NTD) Available at: https://amref.org/kenya/our-work/pillar-2-innovative-health-services-solutions/water-sanitation-and-hygiene-and-neglected-tropical-disease-wash-ntd/
6. Amref Health Africa, 2020.  Water, Sanitation and Hygiene and Neglected Tropical Disease (WASH & NTD) Available at: https://amref.org/kenya/our-work/pillar-2-innovative-health-services-solutions/water-sanitation-and-hygiene-and-neglected-tropical-disease-wash-ntd/
7. Antwi-Agyei P, Monney I, Amaning Adjei K, Kweyu R, Simiyu S. 2022 Shared but Clean Household Toilets: What Makes This Possible? Evidence from Ghana and Kenya. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.; 19:4271. Available: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19074271
8. Antwi-Agyei, P., Dwumfour-Asare, B., Amaning Adjei, K., Kweyu, R., & Simiyu, S. (2020). Understanding the barriers and opportunities for effective management of shared sanitation in low-income settlements—the case of Kumasi, Ghana. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(12), 4528.
9. Aquaya, 2019. Sanitation Policies, Practices and Preferences in Nakuru, Kenya. Retrieved from: https://www.wsup.com/content/uploads/2019/08/Sanitation_Nakuru_final.pdf
10. Armah, F. A., Ekumah, B., Yawson, D. O., Odoi, J. O., Afitiri, A. R., & Nyieku, F. E. (2018). Access to improved water and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa in a quarter century. Heliyon, 4(11), e00931.
11. Augsburg, B., & Rodríguez-Lesmes, P. (2020). Sanitation dynamics: toilet acquisition and its economic and social implications in rural and urban contexts. Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development, 10(4), 628-641.
12. Chikozho, C., Kadengye, D. T., Wamukoya, M., & Orindi, B. O. (2019). Leaving no one behind? Analysis of trends in access to water and sanitation services in the slum areas of Nairobi, 2003–2015. Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development, 9(3), 549-558.
13. Cochran, W. G. (1977). Sampling techniques. john wiley & sons.
14. County Government of Nakuru (CGoN), 2018.Nakuru County Integrated Development Plan (2018-2022). Retrieved at: https://repository.kippra.or.ke/handle/123456789/947
15. Desye, B., Keleb, A., Berhanu, L., Ebrahim, A. M., Natnael, T., Wagaye, B., ... & Adane, M. (2023). Access to basic water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) facilities and associated factors in Ethiopia: evidence from demographics and health surveys. Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development, 13(1), 39-49.
16. Doe, B., & Aboagye, P. D. (2022). The place of subsidy: affordable sanitation service delivery in slums of Kumasi, Ghana. GeoJournal, 87(1), 295-317.
17. Donacho, D. O., Tucho, G. T., & Hailu, A. B. (2022). Households' access to safely managed sanitation facility and its determinant factors in Jimma town, Ethiopia. Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development, 12(2), 217-226.
18. Fuller, J. A., Clasen, T., Heijnen, M., & Eisenberg, J. N. (2014). Shared sanitation and the prevalence of diarrhea in young children: evidence from 51 countries, 2001–2011. The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene, 91(1), 173.
19. Gudda, F. O., Moturi, W. N., Oduor, O. S., Muchiri, E. W., & Ensink, J. (2019). Pit latrine fill-up rates: variation determinants and public health implications in informal settlements, Nakuru-Kenya. BMC Public Health, 19, 1-13.
20. Hailu, K., Alemu, Z. A., & Adane, M. (2022). Barriers to cleaning of shared latrines in slums of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. PloS one, 17(3), e0263363.
21. JMP (2019). Progress on household drinking water, sanitation and hygiene 2000–2017. Joint Monitoring Programme: Technical report
22. Kefeni, E. G., & Yallew, W. W. (2018). Communal latrine utilization and associated factors in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: a community-based cross-sectional study. Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development, 8(2), 319-324.
23. Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS). 2019 Kenya population and housing census, Volume I&II: Population by county, Sub-County and wards. Nairobi
24. Mubatsi, J. B., Wafula, S. T., Etajak, S., Ssekamatte, T., Isunju, J. B., Kimbugwe, C., ... & Mugambe, R. K. (2021). Latrine characteristics and maintenance practices associated with pit latrine lifetime in an informal settlement in Kampala, Uganda. Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development, 11(4), 657-667.
25. Muoria, E. W., & Moturi, W. N. (2019). Shared Sanitation   Facilities: Challenges of Access. International Journal of Science and Technology, 8(6), 1-8.
26. Obeng, P. A., Awere, E., Banafo, K. S., Obeng, P. A., Quaye, S. A., Pennellini, S., & Bonoli, A. (2022). A Review of User Vulnerabilities Associated with Shared Sanitation   Practices in Sub-Saharan Africa. International Journal of Environment and Climate Change, 12(12), 977-998.
27. Ramlal, P. S., Lin, J., Buckley, C. A., Stenström, T. A., & Amoah, I. D. (2022). Determinants of diarrhoeal infections among users of Shared Sanitation   in informal settlements in Durban, South Africa. Journal of Water and Health, 20(10), 1517-1533.
28. Ramlal, P. S., Stenström, T. A., Munien, S., Amoah, I. D., Buckley, C. A., & Sershen. (2019). Relationships between shared sanitation facilities and diarrhoeal and soil-transmitted helminth infections: an analytical review. Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development, 9(2), 198-209.
29. Schelbert, V., Meili, D., Alam, M. U., Simiyu, S., Antwi-Agyei, P., Adjei, K. A., ... & Lüthi, C. (2020). When is shared sanitation acceptable in low-income urban settlements? A user perspective on shared sanitation quality in Kumasi, Kisumu and Dhaka. Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development, 10(4), 959-968.
30. Shiras, T., Cumming, O., Brown, J., Muneme, B., Nala, R., & Dreibelbis, R. (2018). Shared sanitation management and the role of social capital: findings from an urban sanitation intervention in Maputo, Mozambique. International journal of environmental research and public health, 15(10), 2222.
31. Simiyu, S. N., Kweyu, R. M., Antwi-Agyei, P., & Adjei, K. A. (2020). Barriers and opportunities for cleanliness of shared sanitation facilities in low-income settlements in Kenya. BMC Public Health, 20, 1-12.
32. Ssekamatte, T., Isunju, J. B., Balugaba, B. E., Nakirya, D., Osuret, J., Mguni, P., ... & van Vliet, B. (2019). Opportunities and barriers to effective operation and maintenance of public toilets in informal settlements: perspectives from toilet operators in Kampala. International journal of environmental health research, 29(4), 359-370.
33. Ssemugabo, C., Wafula, S. T., Ndejjo, R., Osuret, J., Musoke, D., & Halage, A. A. (2021). Characteristics of sanitation and hygiene facilities in a slum community in Kampala, Uganda. International Health, 13(1), 13-21
34. Sunarti, S., Helmi, M., Widjajanti, R., & Purwanto, A. A. (2021). Modelling behavioural change from sea-based ‘helicopter latrines’ to land-based shared improved latrines in the Demaan, Jepara, Indonesia. Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development, 11(1), 10-25.
35. Tumwebaze, I. K., Hrdličková, Z., Labor, A., Turay, A., Macarthy, J. M., Chmutina, K., ... & Howard, G. (2022). Water and sanitation service levels in urban informal settlements: a case study of Portee-Rokupa in Freetown, Sierra Leone. Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development, 12(8), 612-621.
36. United Nation (2015). Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. UN Doc. A/RES/70/1 (September 25, 2015).
37. United Nations Humans Settlement Programmes (UN-Habitat), (2020). Informal settlements’ vulnerability mapping in Kenya, The Case of Nakuru Town Settlements.
38. WHO (World Health Organization) 2023 Soil-Transmitted Helminth Infections. Retrieved from: http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/soil-transmitted-helminth infections.
39. WHO (World Health Organization), 2022 sanitation. Retrieved from; https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/sanitation
40. WHO/UNICEF, 2017. Progress on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene: 2017 Update and SDG Baselines. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization
41. World Health Organization, & United Nations Children's Fund. (2021). Progress on household drinking water, sanitation and hygiene 2000-2020: five years into the SDGs. World Health Organization.