Sesame Value Chain Analysis: Enabling Environment Impact on Smallholders in Magwi County, South Sudan


Authors : Johnny Dennis Okeny; Salah Jubarah; Tony Ngalamu

Volume/Issue : Volume 11 - 2026, Issue 1 - January


Google Scholar : https://tinyurl.com/bdbncuhs

Scribd : https://tinyurl.com/zyn26sey

DOI : https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/26jan261

Note : A published paper may take 4-5 working days from the publication date to appear in PlumX Metrics, Semantic Scholar, and ResearchGate.


Abstract : The study identified the impacts of the enabling environment on sesame production and marketing, and suggested option to remove constraints. The study sampled 490 households from 6 localities in Magwi and Pajok Payams of Magwi County, South Sudan. Simple descriptive statistical techniques like frequency, percentages and mean were administered for households’ quantitative data analysis using the latest version of SPSS. The result of the study revealed that the majority (90.20%) household heads fall in the age range 18-54 years, considered active in farming. Some of the government policies and regulations that are obstacles to smallholder’s sesame production and marketing include high/excessive taxation rates, market fees and charges; poor quality of market infrastructure and facilities; lack of national market information system; lack of/inadequate off-farm storage; road blocks/ police check points; import/export taxes; and limited public investment in roads infrastructure (trunk roads, rural/feeder roads). Conversely, there was inadequate access to vital production and marketing infrastructure and social services like microfinance institution, banking facility, ox-ploughing infrastructure, and market structures. The study identified gaps in the services of agro-dealers in the study areas.73.5% of smallholders did not have access to extension services, 40.7% did not have access to market information while (86.2%) have no access to loans. The study suggested strategies and policy options to remove constraints in the enabling environment including reviewing laws, policies, rules and regulation; improving public infrastructure and facilities; and strengthening business supporting services delivery for production and marketing of sesame.

Keywords : Business Supporting Services;Enabling Environment; Sesame; Value Chain.

References :

  1. Abebe Terefe Negasa (2016). Review of Sesame Value Chain in Ethiopia. International Journal of African and Asian Studies www.iiste.org ISSN 2409-6938 An International Peer-reviewed Journal Vol.19, 2016
  2. African Development Bank (2013). South Sudan; An Infrastructure Acton Plan. https://www.afdb.org/sites/default/files/documents/projects-and operations/south_ sudan_infrasatructure_action_plan_a_program_for_suatained_strong_economice_growth_-full_report.pdf
  3. Altai Consulting (2019). Mobile money ecosystem survey in South Sudan – exploring the current and future potential of using mobile money for effective humanitarian and development cash programming. World Bank, Washington, D.C.
  4. CASA (2020). Sesame Sector Strategy – Uganda. CASA Uganda Country Team, April 2020
  5. Dalipagic and Elepu (2014). Agricultural Value Chain Analysis in Northern Uganda: Maize, R Dawit DA (2020). An Overview of Data Analysis and Interpretations in Research. Inter. J. Acad. Res. Educ. Rev. 8(1): 1-27ice, Groundnuts, Sunflower and Sesame, ACF 2014
  6. Dawit DA (2020). An Overview of Data Analysis and Interpretations in Research. Inter. J. Acad. Res. Educ. Rev. 8(1): 1-27
  7. Deutsche Bank Research (2014). Agricultural value chains in Sub-Saharan Africa. From a development challenge to a business opportunity. April 2014, Deutsche Bank Research Frankfurt am Main
  8. Devaux André, Torero Maximo, Donovan Jason, and Horton Douglas (2016). Innovation for Inclusive Value-Chain Development: Successes and Challenges. International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), April 2016
  9. Dossa Komivi, Konteye Mariama, Niang Mareme, Doumbia Youssouf and Cisse Ndiaga (2017). Enhancing sesame production in West Africa's Sahel: A comprehensive insight into the cultivation of this untapped crop in Senegal and Mali
  10. Eliste, P., Forget, V., Veillerette, B., Rothe, A.-K., Camara, Y., Cherrou, Y., Ugo, E. and Deng, S. (2022).  Transforming agriculture in South Sudan- From humanitarian aid to a development oriented growth path. Rome. FAO and the World Bank,https://doi.org/10.4060/cc1048en
  11. ETI Sweden (2023) Sesame Seeds in Sudan. Human rights risks linked to hummus and tahina
  12. Evaluation Knowledge Study (2012). Support for Agricultural Value Chain Development, Reference Number: EKS:REG 2012-15 Independent Evaluation: EK-3. Independent Evaluation Department's website (www.adb.org/evaluation
  13. FAO (2007). Enabling Environments for Agribusiness and Agro-Industry Development in Eastern Europe and Central Asia. Proceedings of FAO Workshop Budapest, Hungary 30 November - 2 December 2006. Regional Office for Europe and Central Asia FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS ROME, ITALY
  14. FAO. 2013. Enabling environments for agribusiness and agro-industries development – Regional and country perspectives. Rome.
  15. FAO (2022). Crop and Food Supply Assessment Mission (CFSAM) to the Republic of South Sudan, 20 March 2023.
  16. FAO (2023). Hand-In- Hand Initiative, South Sudan Investment Case, World Investment Forum, South Sudan 3.10.2023.
  17. FAO and WFP, (2025) 2024 FAO/WFP Crop and Food Security Assessment Mission (CFSAM) to the Republic o4f South Sudan
  18. Feed the Future (2017). Enabling Environment for Food Security Project Enabling Environment in Market Systems Technical Note. Africa Market Systems Global Learning and Evidence Exchange (GLEE) June 2017
  19. Feed the Future. (2017a). The US Government’s Global Hunger and Food Security, 2017. Building an Enabling Environment for Agricultural Transformation and Market Development Global Learning and Evidence Exchange-Market Systems. Bangkok, Thailand
  20. FEWS NET (2018). Livelihoods Zone Map and Descriptions for the Republic of South Sudan. Washington, DC: FEWS NET.
  21. Gebremedhn Mengstu Berhe, Tessema Worku, Gebre Girma Gezimu, Mawcha Kahsay Tadesse & Assefa Mewael Kiros (2019) Value chain analysis of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) in Humera district, Tigray, Ethiopia, Cogent Food & Agriculture, 5:1, 1705741, DOI: 10.1080/23311932.2019.1705741
  22. GTZ (2007). Value Links Manual-The Methodology of Value Chain Promotion
  23. ILO (2011). Value Chains for Rural Development. Rural Policy Briefs. Rural Development Through Decent Work
  24. ILO, 2022. ‘Extension of social protection coverage to workers in the informal economy in Sudan’: https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---ddg_p/documents/publication/wcms_856609.pdf).
  25. International Trade Fair (2024). Republic of South Sudan National Export and Investment Strategy 2024-2028 Oilseeds
  1. JICA (2015). Comprehensive Agriculture Master Plan (CAMP), Final Report Annex IV Situation Analysis Report 2013/2015, May 2015
  2. Jonah Samuel E.  Shettima Baba G., Umar, Abba S. S. and Timothy Enan (2020) Sesame Production in Yobe State, Nigeria. American Journal of Economics ISSN 2520-0453 (online) Vol.4, Issue 2, pp 46 - 69, 2020
  3. Kassie Girma T, Worku Yonas, Bachewe Fantu, Asnake Woinishet, and Abate Gashaw (2022) Scoping Study on Ethiopian Sesame Value Chain
  4. Linn Thuzar (2013). Value Chain Analysis of Sesame in Magway Township. Mekong Institute Research Working Paper Series 2013, December, 2013
  5. LTS International (2017). Uganda: Country Value Chain and Market Analysis Report.  Sector Analysis Studies for the Commercial Agriculture for Smallholders and Agribusiness Programme20 November 2017
  6. Lukurugu Gerald Alex, Nzunda Joseph, Kidunda Bakari Rashidi, Chilala Rahma, Ngamba Zabron Samson, Minja Athanas, Kapinga Fortunus Anton (2023). Sesame production constraints, variety traits preference in the Southeastern Tanzania: Implication for genetic improvement.  Journal of Agriculture and Food Research 14(2023)100665
  7. Munyua B., Orr A., Okwadi J., (2013). Open Sesame: A Value Chain Analysis of Sesame Marketing in Northern Uganda, Series Paper Number 6, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (lCRISAT) 7/20/2013
  8. NBS (2015) Population Projections by County: 2015–2020. National Bureau of Statistics. Juba, South Sudan. March, 2015.
  9. Ndou Portia, Taruvinga Bridget, Du Plooy Christian P., Ramusandiwa Tshililo & Mokwala Michael (2021). Enabling Environment for Inclusive Horticultural Value Chain for Smallholders in Gauteng Province, South Africa. Journal of Agricultural Science; Vol. 13, No. 2; 2021 ISSN 1916-9752 E-ISSN 1916-9760 Published by Canadian Center of Science and Education
  10. Republic of South Sudan. (2012). National Bureau of Standards act, 2012. https:// www.wto.org / english / thewto_e / acc_e / ssd_e / wtaccssd6_leg_30.pdf
  11. Rukwe, D.T, Aboki, E, Luka, P. and Nyam, C. M.L (2020) Economics of Sesame Production among Small Scale Farmers in Southern Part of Taraba State, Nigeria. Journal of Agricultural Economics, Environment and Social Sciences 6(1):103 – 112 June, 2020.Copy Right © 2015.
  12. SCALA Private Sector Engagement Facility Report (2024). Sorghum, Maize, and Sesame Value Chains in Somalia
  13. Sharon, O. A. (2016). Economic analysis of Sesame Production among Small- Holder farmers in Benue State, Nigeria. M.Sc Agricultural Economics Thesis. Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.
  14. Shriver Jefferson, Ferris Shaun and Barthmaier Dan (2019). Value Chain Toolkit: HARNESSING THE POWER OF MARKETS TO DRIVE CHANGE. Catholic Relief Services, DECEMBER 2018
  15. Smith, D, Dyer, R, and Wandschneider, T (Eds.) 2020. Making Value Chains Work Better for the Poor: A Tool book for Practitioners of Value Chain Analysis. ACIAR Monograph No. 212. Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, Canberra.
  16. Summer (2020). South Sudan Agricultural value chain – challenges and opportunities (Final)
  17. UNDP (2023). STRENGTHENING AGRICULTURAL VALUE CHAINS & AfCFTA LINKAGES IN SOUTH SUDAN: Opportunities and Challenges. FINAL REPORT FEBRUARY 2023
  18. UNIDO (20l9) Enhancing social stabilization and cohesion through supporting agro value chain development in South Sudan
  19. USAID (2016). Mozambique Agricultural Value Chain Analysis. LEO REPORT # 31
  20. USAID (2025) Enabling Agricultural Trade Project, USAID-EAT Final Report, 2015.
  21. Whitepeak (2023) Golden Oilseeds of South Sudan: Groundnuts and Sesame, 17 March 2023|Agriculture, Monitoring and Evaluation, Research & Advisory.
  22. World Bank (2019). South Sudan Linking the Agriculture and Food Sector to the Job Creation Agenda Agriculture Global Practice East and Southern Africa Unit (GFA13) Sustainable Development Practice Group World Bank June 2019
  23. World Bank. (2004). World Development Report 2005. A better investment climate for everyone. Washington, DC. http://siteresources.worldbank.org/intwdr 2005/ resources/complete_report.pdf
  24. World Bank (2020). Sudan Agriculture Value Chain Analysis (2020), Agriculture Global Practice Finance, Competitiveness and Innovation Global Practice, June 2020.
  25. Yamane (1967). Formula for Sample Size pdf
  26. Yuga ME and Wani J (2022). Soil Fertility and Farming Systems Assessment in Productive Areas of Western, Central and Eastern Equatoria State, South Sudan, SunText Rev Arts Social Sci 3(2): 138

The study identified the impacts of the enabling environment on sesame production and marketing, and suggested option to remove constraints. The study sampled 490 households from 6 localities in Magwi and Pajok Payams of Magwi County, South Sudan. Simple descriptive statistical techniques like frequency, percentages and mean were administered for households’ quantitative data analysis using the latest version of SPSS. The result of the study revealed that the majority (90.20%) household heads fall in the age range 18-54 years, considered active in farming. Some of the government policies and regulations that are obstacles to smallholder’s sesame production and marketing include high/excessive taxation rates, market fees and charges; poor quality of market infrastructure and facilities; lack of national market information system; lack of/inadequate off-farm storage; road blocks/ police check points; import/export taxes; and limited public investment in roads infrastructure (trunk roads, rural/feeder roads). Conversely, there was inadequate access to vital production and marketing infrastructure and social services like microfinance institution, banking facility, ox-ploughing infrastructure, and market structures. The study identified gaps in the services of agro-dealers in the study areas.73.5% of smallholders did not have access to extension services, 40.7% did not have access to market information while (86.2%) have no access to loans. The study suggested strategies and policy options to remove constraints in the enabling environment including reviewing laws, policies, rules and regulation; improving public infrastructure and facilities; and strengthening business supporting services delivery for production and marketing of sesame.

Keywords : Business Supporting Services;Enabling Environment; Sesame; Value Chain.

Never miss an update from Papermashup

Get notified about the latest tutorials and downloads.

Subscribe by Email

Get alerts directly into your inbox after each post and stay updated.
Subscribe
OR

Subscribe by RSS

Add our RSS to your feedreader to get regular updates from us.
Subscribe