Authors : D. Venkat; V. Harshith; K. Abhinav Reddy; B. Prashanth; N. Roshan; N. Govind; D. Jeevan; B. Maheshwar Reddy

Volume/Issue : Volume 11 - 2026, Issue 3 - March

Google Scholar : https://tinyurl.com/wptjbyh8

Scribd : https://tinyurl.com/h3xa28tf

DOI : https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/26mar1991

Note : A published paper may take 4-5 working days from the publication date to appear in PlumX Metrics, Semantic Scholar, and ResearchGate.

Abstract : Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) are pivotal in advancing sustainable transportation, with series and parallel architectures being the most widely implemented configurations. In series hybrids, the internal combustion engine (ICE) operates as a generator to supply electricity to an electric motor that drives the wheels, enabling efficient operation particularly in stop-and-go urban environments but suffering from conversion losses at higher speeds. Parallel hybrids, on the other hand, allow both the ICE and the electric motor to propel the vehicle directly, delivering greater flexibility, enhanced performance, and improved efficiency during highway driving, although they require more complex power management. This article explores the fundamental principles, benefits, and drawbacks of each configuration, delving into energy management strategies, technological advancements such as regenerative braking and battery systems, and realworld applications in both passenger and commercial vehicles. By examining the operational distinctions and synergies between series and parallel hybrid systems, the article provides essential insights for engineers, policymakers, and consumers seeking to understand the evolving landscape of hybrid electric mobility and its significance in reducing emissions and fossil fuel reliance.

Keywords : Electric Vehicles, Electric Vehicle, Hybrid Electric Vehicle, Electric Vehicle Powertrain, Energy Storage Systems, Vehicle Dynamics, Sustainable Transportation.

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