Authors :
Shirin Abdul Rahman; Bharti Pathania; Aastha Govind Shirodker
Volume/Issue :
Volume 10 - 2025, Issue 6 - June
Google Scholar :
https://tinyurl.com/2pxc289y
DOI :
https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/25jun658
Note : A published paper may take 4-5 working days from the publication date to appear in PlumX Metrics, Semantic Scholar, and ResearchGate.
Abstract :
This study explores screen time usage among children aged 3 to 6 years from a parental perspective, focusing on
usage patterns, behavioral impacts, and parental attitudes. A mixed-methods approach was employed, combining
structured questionnaires (n=30) with interviews to collect both quantitative and qualitative data. Results show that
children spend an average of 2.5 hours on screen time daily, with the 1–2 hours range being most common among three
and four-year-olds. Correlation analysis revealed strong associations between screen time and irritability (r = 0.65), and a
moderate relationship with trouble focusing (r = 0.55). Multiple regression analysis identified screen time duration as a
significant predictor of negative behavior (β = 0.30, p < .01), followed by parental age (β = 0.18, p < .05), child age (β = 0.14,
p < .05), and even educational content (β = 0.09, p < .05). These predictors accounted for 64% variance in negative
behaviors among children. Sentiment analysis revealed themes of educational benefits, screen-time balance, enforcement
challenges, and modeling behavior. These findings highlight the nuanced role of screen media in early childhood
development and underscore the need for active parental mediation and informed policy recommendations.
Keywords :
Children, Nomophobia, Parental Perceptions, Screen Time.
References :
- Al Maghaireh, D. F., Shawish, N. S., Abu Kamel, A. M., & Kawafha, M. (2025). Acute Nomophobia and Its Psychological Correlates in Adolescents: An Explanatory Sequential Mixed-Methods Approach. Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare, 18,1445–1460. https://doi.org/10.2147/JMDH.S505535
- Almaqhawi, A., & Albarqi, M. (2022). The effects of technology use on children's physical activity: a cross-sectional study in the Eastern province of Saudi Arabia. Journal of medicine and life, 15(10),1240–1245. https://doi.org/10.25122/jml-2022-0148
- American Academy of Pediatrics. (2016). Media and young minds. Pediatrics, 138(5), e20162591. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2016-2591
- Anderson, M. (2016, January 7). How parents monitor their teen’s digital behavior. Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2016/01/07/how-parents-monitor-their-teens-digital-behavior/
- Barroso, C. S., Springer, A. E., Ledingham, C. M., & Kelder, S. H. (2020). A qualitative analysis of the social and cultural contexts that shape screen time use in Latino families living on the U.S.-Mexico border. International journal of qualitative studies on health and well-being, 15(1), 1735766. https://doi.org/10.1080/17482631.2020.1735766
- Bragg, E. (2024). Healthy boundaries for screen time. Individual & Family Connection. https://ifccounseling.com/blog/healthy-boundaries-for-screen-time/
- Cerniglia, L., Cimino, S., & Ammaniti, M. (2020). What are the effects of screen time on emotion regulation and academic achievements? A three-wave longitudinal study on children from 4 to 8 years of age. Journal of Early Childhood Research, 19(2), 145-160. https://doi.org/10.1177/1476718X20969846 (Original work published 2021)
- Chen, S., Chen, C., Xu, H., Wang, L., Xie, W., Tao, W., & Luo, L. (2025). The interdependent effects of parental, peer, and self-factors on children’s screen time: A cross-lagged network panel study. Current Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-025-07509-4
- Chong, S. C., Teo, W. Z., & Shorey, S. (2023). Exploring the perception of parents on children's screentime: a systematic review and meta-synthesis of qualitative studies. Pediatric research, 94(3),915–925.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41390-023-02555-9
- Christensen, J. (2023). Children and too much screen time. Mayo Clinic Health System. https://www.mayoclinichealthsystem.org/hometown-health/speaking-of-health/children-and-screen-time
- Christensen, J. (2024). Children and screen time: How much is too much? Mayo Clinic Health System. https://www.mayoclinichealthsystem.org/hometown-health/speaking-of-health/children-and-screen-time
- CHOC Children's Hospital. (2024). The effects of screen time on children: The latest research parents should know. https://health.choc.org/the-effects-of-screen-time-on-children-the-latest-research-parents-should-know/
- Clemente-Suárez, V. J., Beltrán-Velasco, A. I., Herrero-Roldán, S., Rodriguez-Besteiro, S., Martínez-Guardado, I., Martín-Rodríguez, A., & Tornero-Aguilera, J. F. (2024). Digital Device Usage and Childhood Cognitive Development: Exploring Effects on Cognitive Abilities. Children, 11(11), 1299. https://doi.org/10.3390/children11111299
- Common Sense Media. (2020). The Common-Sense Census: Inside the 21st-Century Classroom. https://www.commonsensemedia.org/research
- Dalby, J. (2020). Peer pressure with phones. Gabb. https://gabb.com/blog/peer-pressure-with-phones/
- Digital Responsibility. The social impact of technology on children. https://www.digitalresponsibility.org/the-social-impact-of-technology-on-children
- Don. (2025). Screen time boundaries that actually work (A parent’s roadmap to peace). Kids Mental Health. https://www.kidsmentalhealth.ca/2025/02/27/screen-time-boundaries-that-actually-work-a-parents-roadmap-to-peace/
- Donohue, C., & Schomburg, R. (2017). Technology and interactive media in early childhood programs: What we’ve learned from five years of research, policy, and practice. National Association for the Education of Young Children. https://www.naeyc.org/resources/pubs/yc/sep2017/technology-and-interactive-media
- Edyta Swider-Cios, Anouk Vermeij, Margriet M. Sitskoorn, Young children and screen-based media: The impact on cognitive and socioemotional development and the importance of parental mediation, Cognitive Development, Volume 66, 2023, 101319, ISSN 0885-2014, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogdev.2023.101319
- Eirich R, McArthur BA, Anhorn C, McGuinness C, Christakis DA, Madigan S. Association of Screen Time With Internalizing and Externalizing Behavior Problems in Children 12 Years or Younger: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.JAMA Psychiatry. 2022;79(5):393405.https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/fullarticle/2790338
- Folk, J. (2021, June 15). Screen time linked to anxiety and depression in children. AnxietyCentre.com.https://www.anxietycentre.com/research/screen-time-linked-to-anxiety-and-depression-in-children/
- Gnardellis, C., Vagka, E., Lagiou, A., & Notara, V. (2023). Nomophobia and Its Association with Depression, Anxiety and Stress (DASS Scale), among Young Adults in Greece. European journal of investigation in health, psychology and education, 13(12), 2765–2778. https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe13120191
- Guangbo Qu, Wenjing Hu, Jia Meng, Xingyue Wang, Wenqi Su, Haixia Liu, Shaodi Ma, Chenyu Sun, Christy Huang, Scott Lowe, Yehuan Sun, Association between screen time and developmental and behavioral problems among children in the United States: evidence from 2018 to 2020 NSCH, Journal of Psychiatric Research, Volume 161, 2023, Pages 140-149, ISSN 0022-3956, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.03.014.
- Hamilton, Kyra & Spinks, Teagan & White, Katherine & Kavanagh, David & Walsh, Anne. (2015). A psychosocial analysis of parents' decisions for limiting their young child's screen time: An examination of attitudes, social norms and roles, and control perceptions. British journal of health psychology. British journal of health psychology. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282873670
- Hasanen, E., Koivukoski, H., Kortelainen, L., Vehmas, H., & Sääkslahti, A. (2021). Sociodemographic Correlates of Parental Co-Participation in Digital Media Use and Physical Play of Preschool-Age Children. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(11), 5903. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18115903
- Hayes, N., White, S.L.J., Berthelsen, D. et al. Longitudinal associations between child, parenting, home and neighbourhood factors and children’s screen time through 4 to 7 years of age. BMC Public Health 25, 1623 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-025-22866-2Top of Form
- Hinkley, T., McCann, J.R. Mothers’ and father’s perceptions of the risks and benefits of screen time and physical activity during early childhood: a qualitative study. BMC Public Health 18, 1271 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-018-6199-6
- Hunter, G. (2025). Evidence-Based Parenting Behaviors: Managing Screentime. Child & Family Development. Retrieved from https://www.childandfamilydevelopment.com/blog/evidence-based-parenting-behaviors-managing-screentime/
- IMPACT Psychological Services. (2025). How to manage screen time with children. https://www.impact-psych.com/blog/the-psychological-effects-of-screen-time-on-children-understanding-the-impact-in-the-digital-age
- Ivanova, V. (2024). Internet addiction in children: Definition, causes, symptoms, and prevention. The Diamond Rehab Thailand. https://diamondrehabthailand.com/internet-addiction-in%20children/
- Kaliská, L. (2022). Nomophobia and primary school children’s emotional and personal factors. Education and New Developments. https://end-educationconference.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/2022v1end060.pdf
- Kolli, S. (2024). Create healthy screen time habits for your teenager. Kolli Psychiatric & Associates. https://kollipsych.com/create-healthy-screen-time-habits-for-your-teenager/
- Lee, S., Kim, D., & Shin, Y. (2024). Screen time among preschoolers: exploring individual, familial, and environmental factors. Clinical and experimental pediatrics, 67(12), 641–650. https://doi.org/10.3345/cep.2023.01746
- Linebarger, D. L., & Walker, D. (2005). Infants’ and Toddlers’ Television Viewing and Language Outcomes. American Behavioral Scientist, 48(5), 624-645. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764204271505 (Original work published 2005)
- Lissak, G. (2018). Adverse physiological and psychological effects of screen time on children and adolescents: Literature review and case study. Environmental Research, 164, 149-157. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.01.015. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29499467/
- Livingstone, S. M., & Blum-Ross, A. (2020). Parenting for a digital future: How hopes and fears about technology shape children’s experiences. Oxford University Press. https://books.google.com.qa/books?id=ATjpDwAAQBAJ
- Mascheroni, G., Ponte, C., & Jorge, A. (Eds.). (2018). Digital parenting: The challenges for families in the digital age yearbook 2018. https://norden.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1265024/FULLTEXT02.pdf
- McArthur, B.A., Browne, D., Racine, N. et al. Screen Time as a Mechanism Through Which Cumulative Risk is Related to Child Socioemotional and Developmental Outcomes in Early Childhood. Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol 50, 709–720 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-021-00895-w
- Muppalla, S. K., Vuppalapati, S., Reddy Pulliahgaru, A., & Sreenivasulu, H. (2023). Effects of Excessive Screen Time on Child Development: An Updated Review and Strategies for Management. Cureus, 15(6), e40608. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.40608
- Neuro Health. Screen dependency disorder: The effects of screen time addiction. https://nhahealth.com/screen-dependency-disorder-the-effects-of-screen-time-addiction/
- Obesity Medicine Association. (2021). How screen time can impact sleep & childhood weight gain. https://obesitymedicine.org/blog/how-screen-time-can-impact-sleep-amp-childhood-weight-gain-obesity-medicine-association/
- Ozturk Eyimaya, A., & Yalçin Irmak, A. (2021). Relationship Between Parenting Practices and Children's Screen Time During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Turkey. Journal of pediatric nursing, 56, 24–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedn.2020.10.002
- Panjeti-Madan, V. N., & Ranganathan, P. (2023). Impact of Screen Time on Children’s Development: Cognitive, Language, Physical, and Social and Emotional Domains. Multimodal technologies and interaction,7(5),52. https://doi.org/10.3390/mti7050052
- Prasada In Home. (2024). Managing screen time: Setting healthy boundaries in a digital age. https://www.prasadainhome.com/managing-screen-time-setting-healthy-boundaries-in-a-digital-age
- Radesky, J., & Weeks, H. (2021). Parenting in the digital age: A systematic review of the literature on parenting and digital media. Children and Youth Services Review, 121, Article 105843. https://doi.org/10.1089/chi.2020.0335
- Rai, R. (2024) How to control teenager screen time: 11 creative ways and tips. Care Insurance. https://www.careinsurance.com/blog/health-insurance-articles/managing-screen-time-setting-boundaries-for-kids
- Salway, R., Walker, R., Sansum, K. et al. Screen-viewing behaviours of children before and after the 2020–21 COVID-19 lockdowns in the UK: a mixed methods study. BMC Public Health 23, 116 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-023-14976-6
- Sanders, W., Parent, J., Forehand, R., Sullivan, A. D., & Jones, D. J. (2016). Parental perceptions of technology and technology-focused parenting: Associations with youth screen time. Journal of applied developmental psychology, 44, 28–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2016.02.005
- Santl, L., Brajkovic, L., & Kopilaš, V. (2022). Relationship between Nomophobia, Various Emotional Difficulties, and Distress Factors among Students. European journal of investigation in health, psychology and education, 12(7), 716–730. https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe12070053
- Screen Time Institute. (2023, February). Parental challenges: Enforcing screen time rules consistently. Retrieved from https://screentimeinstitute.org/parental-challenges-enforcing-screen-time-rules-consistently/
- Smart Start Childcare LLC. (2022). Educational vs. entertainment: Choosing quality screen time. https://smartstartchildcarellc.com/f/educational-vs-entertainment-choosing-quality-screen-time
- Spencer, P. J. (2023). Parents’ perceptions of media co-use in multi-child households (Doctoral dissertation). Tufts University. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses. https://www.proquest.com/openview/f797a86f011fb59b4933fcbf0b30470b/
- Tekeci, Y., Torpil, B., & Altuntaş, O. (2024). The Impact of Screen Exposure on Screen Addiction and Sensory Processing in Typically Developing Children Aged 6-10 Years. Children (Basel, Switzerland), 11(4), 464. https://doi.org/10.3390/children11040464
- The Talk Institute. (2025). A parent's guide for setting digital boundaries for your kids. https://www.thetalkinstitute.com/blog/a-parent-s-guide-for-setting-digital-boundaries-for-your-kids
- Vardaan Hospitals. (2025). Screen addiction in children: A growing concern and how to overcome it? https://www.vardaanhospitals.org/2025/01/07/screen-addiction-in-children-a-growing-concern-and-how-to-overcome-it/
- Williams, Troy. (2024). Cyber Psychology And Our Children Navigating The Digital Age.https://www.researchgate.net/publication/383359559_cyber_psychology_and_our_children_navigating_the_digital_age
- World Health Organization. (2019). To grow up healthy, children need to sit less and play more. https://www.who.int/news/item/24-04-2019-to-grow-up-healthy-children-need-to-sit-less-and-play-more
- Zhuo, M., Bo, A., Wang, W., Niu, T., Chen, Y., Ma, X., & Huang, Y. (2024). Relationships between screen time and childhood attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A Mendelian randomization study. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 15. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1441191
This study explores screen time usage among children aged 3 to 6 years from a parental perspective, focusing on
usage patterns, behavioral impacts, and parental attitudes. A mixed-methods approach was employed, combining
structured questionnaires (n=30) with interviews to collect both quantitative and qualitative data. Results show that
children spend an average of 2.5 hours on screen time daily, with the 1–2 hours range being most common among three
and four-year-olds. Correlation analysis revealed strong associations between screen time and irritability (r = 0.65), and a
moderate relationship with trouble focusing (r = 0.55). Multiple regression analysis identified screen time duration as a
significant predictor of negative behavior (β = 0.30, p < .01), followed by parental age (β = 0.18, p < .05), child age (β = 0.14,
p < .05), and even educational content (β = 0.09, p < .05). These predictors accounted for 64% variance in negative
behaviors among children. Sentiment analysis revealed themes of educational benefits, screen-time balance, enforcement
challenges, and modeling behavior. These findings highlight the nuanced role of screen media in early childhood
development and underscore the need for active parental mediation and informed policy recommendations.
Keywords :
Children, Nomophobia, Parental Perceptions, Screen Time.