Authors : Nabida Imtiyaz Ansari; Dr. Charulata Chaturvedi

Volume/Issue : Volume 11 - 2026, Issue 10 - October

Google Scholar : https://tinyurl.com/bdhscj5x

DOI : https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/26Oct1672

Note : A published paper may take 4-5 working days from the publication date to appear in PlumX Metrics, Semantic Scholar, and ResearchGate.

Abstract : The global shift towards a sustainable bioeconomy highlights the development of green and efficient chemical processes that utilize renewable resources and minimize environmental impact. Coumarin derivatives represent a privileged heterocyclic scaffold in organic and medicinal chemistry due to their simple structure, chemical versatility and remarkable biological relevance. This study aims to develop an environmentally benign, highly efficient protocol for the synthesis of coumarin derivatives via Pechmann condensation, using novel heterogeneous, agro-industrial residue catalysts. Specifically, pomegranate peel (Punica granatum) was utilized as a sustainable carbon scaffold and were converted into biochar supports through controlled pyrolysis. T

Keywords : Biochar, Biomass-Derived Catalyst, Coumarin Derivatives, Green Synthesis, Pechmann Condensation.

References :

1. Annunziata, F., Pinna, C., Dallavalle, S., Tamborini, L., & Pinto, A. (2020). An overview of coumarin as a versatile and readily accessible scaffold with broad-ranging biological activities. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 21(13), 4618. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21134618
2. Bagheri-Harsini, S., Ghorbani-Vaghei, R., & Kharazmi, A. (2023). Synthesis of coumarin derivatives through Pechmann condensation reaction of phenols and β-ketoesters using basalt fiber functionalized with 7-aminonaphthalene-1,3-disulfonic acid as a new, environment friendly and recyclable catalyst. ChemistrySelect. https://doi.org/10.1002/slct.202301157
3. Chen, C., Han, B., Zhu, X., Jiang, C., & Wang, Y. (2022). A novel pomegranate peel-derived biochar for highly efficient removal of sulfamethoxazole by activation of peroxymonosulfate through a non-radical pathway. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 10(4), 108184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2022.108184
4. Clark, J. H. (2002). Solid acids for green chemistry. Acc. Chem. Res., 35(9), 791–797. https://doi.org/10.1021/ar010072a
5. Corma, A., & García, H. (2003). Lewis acids: from homogeneous to heterogeneous catalysis. Chemical Reviews, 103(11), 4307–4366. https://doi.org/10.1021/cr030680z
6. Gulati, S., Singh, R., & Sangwan, S. (2021). A review on convenient synthesis of substituted coumarins using reuseable solid acid catalysts. RSC Advances, 11(47), 29130–29155. https://doi.org/10.1039/D1RA04887B
7. Kostova, I. (2005). Synthetic coumarins as potential therapeutics. Current Medicinal Chemistry, 12(23), 2747–2767. https://doi.org/10.2174/092986705774462987
8. Lee, J., Kim, K. H., & Kwon, E. E. (2017). Biochar as a catalyst or catalyst support in various reactions: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 77, 70–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.04.002
9. Pathak, P. D., Mandavgane, S. A., & Kulkarni, B. D. (2017). Valorization of pomegranate peel: a review. Waste and Biomass Valorization, 8(4), 1127–1141. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-016-9718-1
10. Rahimi, R., & Soleimani, M. (2020). Synthesis of 2-substituted benzimidazole, coumarin, benzo[b][1,4]oxazin and dihydropyrimidinone derivatives using core-shell structured Fe₃O₄@SiO₂-ZnCl₂ nanoparticles as an effective catalyst. Results in Chemistry, 2, 100060. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rechem.2020.100060
11. Rajabi, F., Voskressensky, L. G., & Luque, R. (2024). Green synthesis of coumarins via Pechmann condensation catalyzed by reusable functionalized organosilica. Journal of Organometallic Chemistry, 1022, 123388. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jorganchem.2024.123388
12. Rangraz, Y., Vahdat, S. M., & Khaksar, S. (2023). SnO₂ nanoparticles: A recyclable and heterogeneous catalyst for Pechmann condensation of coumarins and Knoevenagel condensation–Michael addition of biscoumarins. Heliyon, 9(4), e15135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15135
13. Rather, I. A., & Ali, R. (2022). An efficient and versatile deep eutectic solvent-mediated green method for the synthesis of functionalized coumarins. ACS Omega, 7(12), 10649–10659. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.2c00293
14. Sheldon, R. A. (2017). The E factor of chemistry: past, present and future. Green Chemistry, 19(18), 4299–4311. https://doi.org/10.1039/C7GC02021A
15. Sreekumar, R.; Rugmini, P.; Padmaja, K.; Kuriakose, S.; Devi, V. A solvent-free synthesis of coumarins via Pechmann condensation using heterogeneous catalyst. Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical 2006, 255, 49–52 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcata.2006.03.051.
16. Zeydi, M. M., Kalantarian, S. J., & Kazeminejad, Z. (2020). Overview on developed synthesis procedures of coumarin heterocycles. Journal of the Iranian Chemical Society, 17, 3031–3094. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13738-020-01984-1