Authors :
Ephraim R. Afia; Emmanuel U. Okwudili; Inuaeyen N. Inuaeyen; Abasiemek A. Archibong; Owoidoho I. Brown; Sifon J. Umoh
Volume/Issue :
Volume 11 - 2026, Issue 10 - October
Google Scholar :
https://tinyurl.com/3umkwyxa
DOI :
https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/26Oct649
Note : A published paper may take 4-5
working days from the publication date to appear in PlumX Metrics, Semantic Scholar, and
ResearchGate.
Abstract :
Biodiesel produced from non-edible oils with waste-derived heterogeneous catalysts can reduce competition with food crops and avoid the drawbacks of homogeneous catalysts. This study investigated biodiesel production from Cola rostrata seed oil (CRSO) using a KOH-activated plantain peel ash (AAPPA) catalyst.
Keywords :
Cola rostrata Seed Oil; Plantain Peel Ash; Heterogeneous Catalyst; Biodiesel; Response Surface Methodology; Central Composite Design.
References :
- Adebayo, G. B., Ameen, O. M., & Abass, L. T. (2011). Physico-chemical properties of biodiesel produced from Jatropha curcas oil and fossil diesel. Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology Research, 1(1), 12–16.
- Aderinlewo, A. A., & Layode, O. F. (2018). The effects of plantain peel ash on biogas production from cow dung. Sustainability, Agri, Food and Environmental Research, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.7770/safer-v6n1-art1315
- Agatemor, C. (2008). Some aspects of palm oil bleaching with activated plantain peel ash. Food Science and Technology Research, 14(3), 301–305. https://doi.org/10.3136/fstr.14.301
- Ajayi, B. E., Oboh, B., Minari, J. B., Sexton, D. W., Sarker, S. D., & Fatokun, A. A. (2023). Cola rostrata K. Schum. constituents induce cytotoxicity through reactive oxygen species generation and mitochondrial membrane depolarisation. Exploration of Targeted Anti-Tumor Therapy, 4(6), 1328–1344. https://doi.org/10.37349/etat.2023.00200
- Asadu, C. O., Anthony, E. C., Elijah, O. C., Ike, I. S., Onoghwarite, O. E., & Okwudili, U. E. (2021). Development of an adsorbent for the remediation of crude oil polluted water using stearic acid grafted coconut husk (Cocos nucifera) composite. Applied Surface Science Advances, 6, Article 100179.
- Asadu, C. O., Ekwueme, B. N., Ezema, C. A., Onah, T. O., Ike, I. S., Ugwuele, J. O., Aka, C. C., Onoh, I. K., Umeagukwu, O. E., & Ogbonna, C. C. (2024). Recycled waste groundnut oil: A potential feedstock for green energy/biodiesel synthesis. Journal of Unconventional Resources, 4.
- Asogwa, F. K., Okolo, K. O., Ibeabuchi, J. A., Ugwu, C. O., & Okorie, A. N. (2022). Evaluation of in vitro antioxidant properties of methanol extract and fractions of Cola rostrata (K. Schum) leaves. Pharmacology and Toxicology of Natural Medicines, 2(4–6), 9–15. https://doi.org/10.52406/ptnm.v2i4-6.51
- Azam, M. M., Waris, A., & Nahar, N. M. (2005). Prospects and potential of fatty acid methyl esters of some non-traditional seed oils for use as biodiesel in India. Biomass and Bioenergy, 29(4), 293–302.
- Efeovbokhan, V. E., Usoro, U. E., Fagbiele, O. O., & Abatan, O. G. (2026). Valorization of waste cooking oil, plantain peel and snail shell for the optimization of biodiesel production. AIMS Energy, 14(1). https://doi.org/10.3934/energy.2026004
- Etim, A. O., Betiku, E., Ajala, S. O., Olaniyi, P. J., & Ojumu, T. V. (2018). Potential of ripe plantain fruit peels as an ecofriendly catalyst for biodiesel synthesis: Optimization by artificial neural network integrated with genetic algorithm. Sustainability, 10(3), Article 707. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10030707
- Falowo, O. A., Oladipo, B., Taiwo, A. E., Olaiya, A. T., Oyekola, O. O., & Betiku, E. (2022). Green heterogeneous base catalyst from ripe and unripe plantain peels mixture for the transesterification of waste cooking oil. Chemical Engineering Journal Advances, 10, Article 100293.
- Iyang, E. J., Ukoha, P. O., Samuel, H. S., & Etim, E. E. (2026). Physiochemical analysis and evaluation of Cola rostrata seed oil as a sustainable biodiesel feedstock. Journal of the Chemical Society of Nigeria, 51(1), 167–181.
- Jamil, M. A. (2024). Production and optimization study of biodiesel produced from non-edible seed oil. Science and Technology for Energy Transition, 79, Article 38. https://doi.org/10.2516/stet/2024036
- Jisieike, C. F., Betiku, E., Ojumu, T. V., & Latinwo, L. M. (2025). Rubber seed oil biodiesel synthesis via ethanolysis using a blend of four biogenic residues as a sustainable heterogeneous catalyst. Renewable Energy, 252, Article 123500. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2025.123500
- Kannan, R., Ramalingam, S., Sampath, S., Nedunchezhiyan, M., Dillikannan, D., & Jayabal, R. (2024). Optimization and synthesis process of biodiesel production from coconut oil using central composite rotatable design of response surface methodology. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part E: Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering. https://doi.org/10.1177/09544089241230251
- Kesharvani, S., Katre, S., Pandey, S., Dwivedi, G., Verma, T. N., & Baredar, P. (2024). Optimizing biodiesel production from karanja and algae oil with nano catalyst: RSM and ANN approach. Energy Engineering, 121(9), 2363–2388. https://doi.org/10.32604/ee.2024.052523
- Laskar, I. B., Deshmukhya, T., Biswas, A., Paul, B., Changmai, B., Gupta, R., Chatterjee, S., & Rokhum, S. L. (2022). Utilization of biowaste-derived catalysts for biodiesel production: Process optimization using response surface methodology and particle swarm optimization method. Energy Advances, 1(5), 287–302. https://doi.org/10.1039/d2ya00011c
- Liu, Y., Lotero, E., Goodwin, J. G., Jr., & Mo, X. (2007). Transesterification of poultry fat with methanol using Mg–Al hydrotalcite derived catalysts. Applied Catalysis A: General, 331, 138–148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcata.2007.07.038
- Ofoefule, A. U., Ibeto, C. N., Okoro, U. C., & Onukwuli, O. D. (2013). Biodiesel production from tigernut (Cyperus esculentus) oil and characterization of its blend with petrodiesel. Physical Review & Research International, 3(2), 145–153.
- Ogbu, M. D., Nnamani, R. C., & Lc, U. (2023). Comparative proximate, vitamins, minerals and phytochemical analysis of Cola rostrata K. Schum. and Cola pachycarpa K. Schum. African Scientist, 24(1), 121–126.
- Ogunsuyi, H. O. (2015). Production of biodiesel using African pear (Dacryodes edulis) seed oil as feedstock. Academia Journal of Biotechnology, 3(5), 85–92.
- Onukwuli, O. D., Emembolu, L. N., Ude, C. N., Aliozo, S. O., & Menkiti, M. C. (2017). Optimization of biodiesel production from refined cotton seed oil and its characterization. Egyptian Journal of Petroleum, 26(1), 103–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpe.2016.02.001
- Rashid, U., Anwar, F., & Knothe, G. (2009). Evaluation of biodiesel obtained from cottonseed oil. Fuel Processing Technology, 90(9), 1157–1163.
- Rosli, N. S., Yahya, N. Y., Siang, L. Y., & Abdul Halim, N. A. (2023). Synthesis of biodiesel from used frying oil using modified banana peel waste as a heterogeneous catalyst. Platform: A Journal of Engineering, 7(3).
- Shuit, S. H., Lee, K. T., Kamaruddin, A. H., & Yusup, S. (2010). Reactive extraction of Jatropha curcas L. seed for production of biodiesel: Process optimization study. Environmental Science & Technology, 44(11), 4361–4367.
- Tarigan, J. B., Perangin-angin, S., Simanungkalit, S. R., Zega, N. P., & Sitepu, E. K. (2023). Utilization of waste banana peels as heterogeneous catalysts in room-temperature biodiesel production using a homogenizer. RSC Advances, 13, 6217–6224.
- Ude, C. N., & Onukwuli, O. D. (2019). Kinetic modeling of transesterification of gmelina seed oil catalyzed by alkaline activated clay (NaOH/clay) catalyst. Reaction Kinetics, Mechanisms and Catalysis, 127(2), 1039–1058.
- Umeagukwu, O. E., Onukwuli, O. D., & Ude, C. N. (2023). Methanolysis of African pear seed oil catalyzed with acid activated empty palm fruit bunch ash: Optimization and sensitivity analysis. Cleaner Energy Systems, 6.
- Umeagukwu, O. E., Onukwuli, O. D., Ude, C. N., & Asadu, C. O. (2022a). Methanolysis of Africa pear seed oil via thermally activated empty palm fruit bunch ash (TAEPFBA) catalyst, ANN prediction and sensitivity analysis. Journal of Engineering Research and Reports, 23(12).
- Umeagukwu, O. E., Onukwuli, O. D., Ude, C. N., & Asadu, C. O. (2022b). Optimization and sensitivity analysis of variables in the methanolysis process of Africa pear seed oil via thermally activated empty palm fruit bunch ash (TAEPFBA) catalyst. Academic Journal of Scientific Research.
- Umeagukwu, O. E., Onukwuli, O. D., Ude, C. N., Esonye, C., Ekwueme, B. N., Asadu, C. O., Okey-Onyesolu, F. C., Mbabuike, U. I., Ekuma, I. C., Trobjon, M., Sokhib, I., & Imomova, M. Y. (2024). Transesterification of Persea americana seed oil to methyl ester using bio-based heterogeneous catalyst: Optimization and techno-economic analysis. Green Technologies and Sustainability, 2.
- Umeagukwu, O. E., Onukwuli, O. D., Ude, C. N., Esonye, C., Ekwueme, B. N., Asadu, C. O., Okey-Onyesolu, F. C., Mbabuike, U. I., Ekuma, I. C., & Ugwele, F. O. (2024). Techno-economic analysis of the statistically optimized biodiesel production process using African pear seed oil and activated empty palm fruit bunch biocatalyst. Waste Management Bulletin, 2, 95–112.
- Umeagukwu, O. E., Ude, C. N., Onukwuli, O. D., & Okey-Onyesolu, F. C. (2022). Engine performance operated with biodiesel produced from the transesterification of African pear seed oil catalyzed with acidified empty palm fruit bunch ash. UNIZIK Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences.
- Zhang, Y., Dubé, M. A., McLean, D. D., & Kates, M. (2003). Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil: 1. Process design and technological assessment. Bioresource Technology, 89(1), 1–16.
Biodiesel produced from non-edible oils with waste-derived heterogeneous catalysts can reduce competition with food crops and avoid the drawbacks of homogeneous catalysts. This study investigated biodiesel production from Cola rostrata seed oil (CRSO) using a KOH-activated plantain peel ash (AAPPA) catalyst.
Keywords :
Cola rostrata Seed Oil; Plantain Peel Ash; Heterogeneous Catalyst; Biodiesel; Response Surface Methodology; Central Composite Design.