Authors : Neha Devi; Kajal Choudhary; Sanjiv Duggal

Volume/Issue : Volume 11 - 2026, Issue 4 - April

Google Scholar : https://tinyurl.com/yc7987j4

Scribd : https://tinyurl.com/n4jceets

DOI : https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/26apr1724

Note : A published paper may take 4-5 working days from the publication date to appear in PlumX Metrics, Semantic Scholar, and ResearchGate.

Abstract : An abnormal or excessive build-up of body fat that compromises health is called obesity, and it is a significant global health concern. It is caused by a chronic imbalance between energy expenditure and calorie intake and is impacted by lifestyle, hormonal, environmental, and hereditary variables. Type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular illnesses, hypertension, and several types of cancer are among the chronic diseases for which the condition greatly raises the risk. Once thought to as a passive energy store, adipose tissue is now understood to be an active endocrine organ that secretes a variety of bioactive compounds known as adipokines, such as ghrelin, leptin, adiponectin, and peptide YY, which control insulin sensitivity, hunger, and metabolism. Complex mechanisms including insulin resistance, persistent inflammation, hormonal imbalance, and disruption of central appetite control in the hypothalamus are involved in the pathophysiology of obesity. In non-adipose tissues, elevated levels of inflammatory mediators such as TNF-α and IL-6 lead to fat storage and metabolic dysfunction. Genetic predisposition and changes in gut flora also have an impact on the development of obesity. In order to achieve lasting weight loss, traditional management strategies mostly concentrate on lifestyle interventions, such as dietary modification, increased physical activity, and behavioural therapy. For those who do not respond well to lifestyle modifications, pharmacological treatments are advised, and bariatric surgery is taken into consideration in extreme circumstances. Dietary fibre, a balanced diet, and herbal remedies like fenugreek, green tea, turmeric, and ginger—which increase thermogenesis, decrease hunger, and enhance metabolic health—are all part of natural strategies for managing obesity. Anti-obesity drugs like orlistat and GLP-1 receptor agonists, which work by decreasing fat absorption or increasing satiety, are examples of synthetic therapy. For long-term success, managing obesity effectively necessitates an integrated strategy that incorporates pharmacological therapies, natural cures, and lifestyle changes.

Keywords : Obesity, Leptin Resistance, Insulin Resistance, Chronic Inflammation, Gut Microbiota, Lipase Inhibitors.

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