Authors :
Evelyn. U. Ikpeama, Ify. L. Nwaogazie, Anthonet. N. Ezejiofor
Volume/Issue :
Volume 6 - 2021, Issue 10 - October
Google Scholar :
http://bitly.ws/gu88
Scribd :
https://bit.ly/3vpAXdX
Abstract :
Biomedical research in line with most baseline
studies, has proven biological alterations due to exposure
to some heavy metals such as lead, mercury, cadmium,
and arsenic have been implicated in patients with
neurochemical imbalance, pharmacological viewpoint,
and brain imaging as part of psychotic prognosis. Some
of the most prevailing psychological conditions with
notable tendencies of downheartedness and transience
are depression and schizophrenia. However, the basal
pathophysiology of these conditions from the pre
symptomatic and diagnosed point of view, implicates
dopamine, norepinephrine, and 5-HT neurotransmitters.
Maternal Immune Activation (MIA) triggered by
immunological changes from external factors mutating
against the immune cells from predisposition to heavy
metals leads to priming of the Central Nervous System
(CNS) microglia cells which can create a pathway to
expose offspring to psychosis. Based on this information,
psychosis has been framed due to deficiency in neural
signaling in homeostatic imbalance from oxidative stress,
metabolic cascades, influenza, and inflammatory
response. This review gives details of the role played by
neurotransmitters and heavy metals, their toxicity
mechanisms, along with the health effect leading to
mental disorders like psychosis, depression, bipolar
disorder, schizophrenia etc. Hence, the need for more
research in this budding field and the challenges of
identifying and developing new treatments for persons
predisposed to lengthened risk of neurological
autoimmune disorders should be considered.
Keywords :
Psychosis, Heavy metals, Oxidative stress, Inflammation, Neurology, Neurotransmitters, Schizophrenia. Abbreviations; ROS: Reactive Oxygen Species, GSH: Glutathione, MIA: Maternal Immune Activation.
Biomedical research in line with most baseline
studies, has proven biological alterations due to exposure
to some heavy metals such as lead, mercury, cadmium,
and arsenic have been implicated in patients with
neurochemical imbalance, pharmacological viewpoint,
and brain imaging as part of psychotic prognosis. Some
of the most prevailing psychological conditions with
notable tendencies of downheartedness and transience
are depression and schizophrenia. However, the basal
pathophysiology of these conditions from the pre
symptomatic and diagnosed point of view, implicates
dopamine, norepinephrine, and 5-HT neurotransmitters.
Maternal Immune Activation (MIA) triggered by
immunological changes from external factors mutating
against the immune cells from predisposition to heavy
metals leads to priming of the Central Nervous System
(CNS) microglia cells which can create a pathway to
expose offspring to psychosis. Based on this information,
psychosis has been framed due to deficiency in neural
signaling in homeostatic imbalance from oxidative stress,
metabolic cascades, influenza, and inflammatory
response. This review gives details of the role played by
neurotransmitters and heavy metals, their toxicity
mechanisms, along with the health effect leading to
mental disorders like psychosis, depression, bipolar
disorder, schizophrenia etc. Hence, the need for more
research in this budding field and the challenges of
identifying and developing new treatments for persons
predisposed to lengthened risk of neurological
autoimmune disorders should be considered.
Keywords :
Psychosis, Heavy metals, Oxidative stress, Inflammation, Neurology, Neurotransmitters, Schizophrenia. Abbreviations; ROS: Reactive Oxygen Species, GSH: Glutathione, MIA: Maternal Immune Activation.
