Authors : Vishal Kumar Gupta; Yogendra Pratap Singh; Vibha Sharma; Asit Kumar Maurya

Volume/Issue : Volume 10 - 2025, Issue 3 - March

Google Scholar : https://tinyurl.com/y4adcrrd

Scribd : https://tinyurl.com/2axfebjs

DOI : https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/25mar1958

Google Scholar

Note : A published paper may take 4-5 working days from the publication date to appear in PlumX Metrics, Semantic Scholar, and ResearchGate.

Note : Google Scholar may take 15 to 20 days to display the article.

Abstract : As the world's population ages, the prevalence of cognitive impairment and dementia increases. The objective of the current study was to examine cognitive reserve (CR) in older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), those with risk factors (RF), and healthy controls. Sixty participants (20 each group) performed evaluations such as the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Cognitive Reserve Index questionnaire (CRIq). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) found significant differences in CR scores between groups (F (2, 57) = 12.366, p <.001). Post-hoc analysing demonstrated that those with MCI had considerably lower CR ratings compared to HC (mean difference = -53.15, p <.001), while RF did not differ significantly from HC (mean difference = 20.75, p =.141). These results indicate that higher CR may mitigate cognitive decline in aging adults and underscore the importance of preventive interventions targeting CR. Further research is needed to explore longitudinal effects and mechanisms underlying CR in cognitive aging and dementia prevention.

Keywords : Cognitive Reserve, Mild Cognitive Impairments, Risk Factors, Cognitive Decline, Aging.

References :

1. Bellou, V., Belbasis, L., Tzoulaki, I., Middleton, L. T., Ioannidis, J. P., & Evangelou, E. (2016). Systematic evaluation of the associations between environmental risk factors and dementia: An umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta‐analyses. Alzheimer’s & Dementia, 13(4), 406–418.
2. Das, S. K., Bose, P., Biswas, A., Dutt, A., Banerjee, T. K., Hazra, A., Raut, D. K., Chaudhuri, A., & Roy, T. (2007). An epidemiologic study of mild cognitive impairment in Kolkata, India. Neurology, 68(23), 2019–2026.
3. Das, S., Ghosal, M., & Pal, S. (2012). Dementia: Indian scenario. Neurology India, 60(6), 618.
4. Farron, M. R., Kabeto, M. U., Dey, A. B., Banerjee, J., Levine, D. A., & Langa, K. M. (2020). Hypertension and Cognitive Health among Older Adults in India. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 68(S3).
5. Farron, M. R., Kabeto, M. U., Levine, D. A., Wixom, C. R., & Langa, K. M. (2022). Blood pressure and cognitive function among older adults in India. Journal of International Medical Research, 50(1), 030006052110687.
6. Government of India. (2011). Census of India 2011: Population enumeration data. Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved from http://censusindia.gov.in
7. Hosseinpoor, A. R., Bergen, N., Kostanjsek, N., Kowal, P., Officer, A., & Chatterji, S. (2015). Socio-demographic patterns of disability among older adult populations of low-income and middle-income countries: results from World Health Survey. International Journal of Public Health, 61(3), 337–345.
8. Kaur, A., Sonal, A., Ghosh, T., & Ahamed, F. (2023). Cognitive reserve and other determinants of cognitive function in older adults: Insights from a community-based cross-sectional study. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, 12(9), 1957–1964.
9. Khullar, S., Kaur, G., Dhillon, H., Sharma, R., Mehta, K., Singh, M., & Singh, P. (2017). The prevalence and predictors of cognitive impairment in type 2 diabetic population of Punjab, India. Journal of Social Health and Diabetes, 05(01), 047–053.
10. Konda, P. R., Sharma, P. K., Gandhi, A. R., & Ganguly, E. (2018). Correlates of Cognitive Impairment among Indian Urban Elders. Journal of Gerontology & Geriatric Research.
11. Lalithambika, C. V., Arun, C. S., Saraswathy, L. A., & Bhaskaran, R. (2019). Cognitive impairment and its association with glycemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism, 23(3), 353.
12. Meng, X., & D’arcy, C. (2012). Education and dementia in the context of the cognitive reserve hypothesis: a systematic review with meta-analyses and qualitative analyses. PloS one, 7(6), e38268.
13. Mukku, S. S. R., Dahale, A. B., Muniswamy, N. R., Muliyala, K. P., Sivakumar, P. T., & Varghese, M. (2021). Geriatric Depression and Cognitive Impairment—An Update. Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine, 43(4), 286–293.
14. Munshi, M., Grande, L., Hayes, M., Ayres, D., Suhl, E., Capelson, R., Lin, S., Milberg, W., & Weinger, K. (2006). Cognitive Dysfunction Is Associated With Poor Diabetes Control in Older Adults. Diabetes Care, 29(8), 1794–1799.
15. Prabhakaran, D., Jeemon, P., Sharma, M., Roth, G. A., Johnson, C., Harikrishnan, S., Gupta, R., Pandian, J. D., Naik, N., Roy, A., Dhaliwal, R. S., Xavier, D., Kumar, R. K., Tandon, N., Mathur, P., Shukla, D. K., Mehrotra, R., Venugopal, K., Kumar, G. A., . . . Dandona, L. (2018). The changing patterns of cardiovascular diseases and their risk factors in the states of India: the Global Burden of Disease Study 1990–2016. ˜the œLancet. Global Health/˜the œLancet. Global Health, 6(12), e1339–e1351.
16. Ragubathy, P. K., & Adikane, H. (2020). Prevalence of Risk Factors for Dementia in Elderly Population in a Tribal Area of Central India – A Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study. Journal of Medical Sciences and Health, 05(03), 19–30.
17. Sengupta, P., Benjamin, A., Singh, Y., & Grover, A. (2014). Prevalence and correlates of cognitive impairment in a north Indian elderly population. WHO South-East Asia Journal of Public Health, 3(2), 135.
18. Solanki, R. K., Dubey, V., & Munshi, D. (2009). Neurocognitive impairment and comorbid depression in patients of diabetes mellitus. International Journal of Diabetes in Developing Countries, 29(3), 133.
19. Stern, Y. (2002). What is cognitive reserve? Theory and research application of the reserve concept. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 8(3), 448–460.
20. Stern, Y., Habeck, C., Moeller, J., Scarmeas, N., Anderson, K. E., Hilton, H. J., Flynn, J., Sackeim, H., & Van Heertum, R. (2005). Brain Networks Associated with Cognitive Reserve in Healthy Young and Old Adults. Cerebral Cortex, 15(4), 394–402.
21. Subaiya, L., & Bansod, D. W. (2014). Demographics of Population Ageing in India. In Cambridge University Press eBooks (pp. 1–41).
22. Tripathi, M., Vibha, D., Gupta, P., Bhatia, R., Srivastava, M. V. P., Vivekanandhan, S., Singh, M. B., Prasad, K., Dergalust, S., & Mendez, M. F. (2012). Risk factors of dementia in North India: a case–control study. Aging and Mental Health/Aging & Mental Health, 16(2), 228–235.
23. Vance, D. E., & Crowe, M. (2006). A Proposed Model of Neuroplasticity and Cognitive Reserve in Older Adults. Activities, Adaptation & Aging, 30(3), 61–79.
24. World Health Organization. (2021). Ageing and health. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ageing-and-health
25. Zahodne, L. B., Manly, J. J., Brickman, A. M., Siedlecki, K. L., Decarli, C., & Stern, Y. (2013). Quantifying Cognitive Reserve in Older Adults by Decomposing Episodic Memory Variance: Replication and Extension. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 19(8), 854–862.