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Inventory Model for Two-Storage System with Learning Effects and Carbon Emissions Under Preservation Technology


Authors : Dr. Pushpendra Kumar; Vikash Ranwa

Volume/Issue : Volume 11 - 2026, Issue 4 - April


Google Scholar : https://tinyurl.com/mry6bxt9

Scribd : https://tinyurl.com/3rfdtmwv

DOI : https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/26apr2522

Note : A published paper may take 4-5 working days from the publication date to appear in PlumX Metrics, Semantic Scholar, and ResearchGate.


Abstract : This paper presents a carbon emissions-based inventory model that represents the impact of learning on ordering, deterioration, and storage costs in both owned and rented warehouses. The demand for perishable items is rising at an exponential rate. Perishable commodities have a high rate of deterioration and must be properly kept because their quality deteriorates quickly. When preservation technology is used, a lot of carbon units are released since the generator burns fuel and electricity, both of which are bad for the environment. To lower these emissions, governments impose additional carbon taxes. The term "green packaging cost" refers to the cost of using appropriate packaging strategies to preserve the product quality, safety, and environmental compatibility of green deteriorating items. When stock levels in a two-storage system for perishable items hit zero, the proposed model aims to minimize the total inventory cost per unit time during the cycle. It accomplishes this by specifically taking preservation and carbon emission costs into consideration. The model has been authenticated with a numerical example. As a result, the model has real-world applications and potential future study avenues.

Keywords : Learning Effect, Preservation Technology, Deterioration, Owned Warehouse, Rented Warehouse, Carbon Emissions, Exponential Demand.

References :

  1. Pakkala, T. P., & Acharya, K. K. (1992). A deterministic inventory model for deteriorating items with two warehouses and finite replenishment rate. European Journal of Operational Research, 57(1), 71–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-2217(92)90342-5.
  2. Lee, C. C., & Hsu, S. L. (2009). A two-warehouse production model for deteriorating inventory items with time dependent demands. European Journal of Operational Research, 194(3), 700–710. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2007.12.036.
  3. Malik, A. K., Kumar, S., & Kumar, S. (2017). Two warehouses inventory model with stock-dependent demand and maximum life time. International Journal of Physical Sciences, 29, 309–318.
  4. Sheikh, S. R., & Patel, R. (2017). Two-warehouse inventory model with different deterioration rated under time dependent demand and shortages. Global Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics, 13(8), 3951–3960.
  5. Mandal, P., & Giri, B. C. (2017). A two-warehouse integrated inventory model with imperfect production process under stock dependent demand quantity discount offer. International Journal of System Science: Operations & Logistics, 4(4), 1–12.
  6. Biswaranjan, Mandal. (2020). An inventory management system for deteriorating items with ramp type and quadratic demand: A structural comparative study. International Journal on Soft Computing, 11(1/2/3/4), 1–8. https://airccse.org/journal/ijsc/ijsc.html.
  7. Dhivya Lakshmi, M., & Pandian, P. (2021). Production inventory model with exponential demand rate and exponentially declining deterioration. Italian Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics, 45, 59–71.
  8. Ahmad, N., Sangal, I., Sharma, K., Jayaswal, M. K., Kumar, S., Pal, S. K., & Alam, K. (2023). A green realistic inventory model with preservation technology for deteriorating items under carbon emission. Materials Today: Proceedings. Advance online publication.
  9. Kumar, P., Yadav, V., Naik, P. J., Malik, A. K., & Alaria, S. K. (2023). Analysis of fuzzy inventory model with sustainable transportation. AIP Conference Proceedings, 2782(1), Article 020001. AIP Publishing.
  10. Rana, R. S., Kumar, D., & Prasad, K. (2023). Sustainable production-inventory system for perishables under dynamic fuel pricing and preservation technology investment. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(39), 90121–90147.
  11. Ahmed, A., Kummari, K., & Shukla, R. (2025). A two-warehouse inventory model for green technology investment: Deteriorating items with selling price and carbon emissions. European Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics, 18(2), Article 5847. https://doi.org/10.29020/nybg.ejpam.v18i2.5847.
  12. Limi, A. (2025). Two-warehouse inventory model for non-instantaneously deteriorating items incorporating preservation technology, carbon emissions and hybrid payment schemes. Yugoslav Journal of Operations Research. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.2298/YJOR240715029L.
  13. Biswas, N. (2025). A two-warehouse inventory model of deteriorating products with preservation technology investment and carbon emission. International Journal of Advanced Operations Management. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJAOM.2025.148397.

This paper presents a carbon emissions-based inventory model that represents the impact of learning on ordering, deterioration, and storage costs in both owned and rented warehouses. The demand for perishable items is rising at an exponential rate. Perishable commodities have a high rate of deterioration and must be properly kept because their quality deteriorates quickly. When preservation technology is used, a lot of carbon units are released since the generator burns fuel and electricity, both of which are bad for the environment. To lower these emissions, governments impose additional carbon taxes. The term "green packaging cost" refers to the cost of using appropriate packaging strategies to preserve the product quality, safety, and environmental compatibility of green deteriorating items. When stock levels in a two-storage system for perishable items hit zero, the proposed model aims to minimize the total inventory cost per unit time during the cycle. It accomplishes this by specifically taking preservation and carbon emission costs into consideration. The model has been authenticated with a numerical example. As a result, the model has real-world applications and potential future study avenues.

Keywords : Learning Effect, Preservation Technology, Deterioration, Owned Warehouse, Rented Warehouse, Carbon Emissions, Exponential Demand.

Paper Submission Last Date
31 - May - 2026

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