Authors :
GASSA, Joseph Philip; GASSA, Kevin Philip; MUHAMMAD, Anas Bajau; MUDARRIFU, Adamu; ABDUMALIK Hussaini
Volume/Issue :
Volume 9 - 2024, Issue 7 - July
Google Scholar :
https://tinyurl.com/mtw6fnfb
Scribd :
https://tinyurl.com/3vtwuass
DOI :
https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/IJISRT24JUL398
Abstract :
This research assessed the impact of dampness
on the structural stability of public secondary school
buildings in Adamawa state. Dampness as it were is the
infiltration of water through the structural elements
(interior and exterior) of an edifice, wetness of structural
elements through moisture rise by capillary, or extreme
quantity of moisture contained in building materials or
the building components (Agyekum, Ayakwa, Koranteng
& Adinyira, 2013a; Wilkowska, 2017). A percentage of
building structures that deteriorate during wetness,
dampness, or excessive moisture movements are
perceived, visible, or measurable (Soldatova, Sansone,
Stephens & Shah, 2011). A building is described as being
affected by dampness when there is moisture that is not
wanted to a certain degree in the building than its water-
retaining capability such that finishes and structural
members are stained or discoloured and certain
secondary elements are either upturned or lifted (Ishak,
Che Ani, Akashah &Kayan, 2013). The primary sources
of moisture in buildings according to Sulaiman and
Beithou (2011) are liquid water from precipitation or
plumbing leaks; water vapour from the building exterior
or activities/processes within the building; liquid and
vapour from the soil adjoining a building; and moisture
built-in with the materials of construction or brought in
with goods and people. Young (2007) and Agyekum et al.
(2013), categorise the primary sources of moisture into
three types: penetration dampness, condensation, and
rising dampness. Specifically, it; determined the common
types of dampness and common causes of dampness, it
also determined the extent of the impacts of dampness and
suggested suitable procedures for treating the impact of
dampness. A descriptive research design was adopted for
the study. Four purposes and four research questions
were raised to guide the study, the population for this
study is Grade A public secondary schools in Adamawa
State. Three sampling techniques were employed in this
study, these are stratified sampling, purposive sampling,
and simple random sampling. A checklist and a
structured questionnaire were developed.
Keywords :
Dampness, Impacts of Dampness, Structural Stability, Buildings.
References :
- Agyekum, A. A., & Koranteng, C. (2014, July 24). Holistic Diagnosis of Rising Damp and Salt Attack in Two Residential Buildings in Kumasi, Ghana. Journal of Construction Engineering, pp. 1-7.
- Agyekum, K., & Ayarkwa, J. (2014). Dampness in walls of residential buildings. The views of building construction professionals in Ghana, 7(772).
- Ahmed, A. E. (2019). Assessment of Causes of Construction Building Defects in Debre Birhan University, North Showa, Amhara, Ethiopia. American Journal of Civil Engineering and Architecture, 7(4), 152-156.
- Ahzahar, N. K. (2014). A study of contribution factors to building failures and defects in the construction industry. Procedia Engineering 20(3), 249-255.
- Alfano, G. C. (2019). Long-term performance of chemical damp-proof courses. Building and Environment, 40-41.
- Amadi, A., & Higham, A. P. (2020). A cost trajectory to environmentally Adaptive building construction in wet humid settings. International Journal of Building Pathology and Adaptation 2(3), 68-88.
- Ampofo, J. A. (2020). Constraints factors to the maintenance of government senior high school buildings in Wa Municipal. International Journal OF Management and & Entrepreneurship Research, 2(3), 139-160.
- Arora, J., & Bindra., S. (2016). A textbook of building construction. Civil Engineering Materials & Construction. Code: BCE 203. Uk: Dhampat Rai & Sons.
- Asamoah, A. S. (2015). A review of epidemiological studies of asthma in Ghana. Ghana Medical Journal 46 (2), 23-28.
- Asamoah, A. S., & Boakye, D. A. (2012). A review of epidemiological studies of asthma in Ghana. Ghana Medical Journal, 46 (2), pp. 23-28(2012.
- Asamoah, R. A., & Ofei-Nyako, K. (2017). Construction practices contributing to rising dampness in Kumasi Metropolitan and Ejisu Municipal Assemblies in Ghana. Journal of Construction Engineering, 1-6.
- Auku, D. (2013). Damp revampment in Katsina. Building Therapy 3(4), 67-68.
- Barry, P. (2017, June 30). Building Defects- Dampness Part 1. Retrieved from BARRY: www.peterbarry.co.uk
- Becher, R. H. (2017). Dampness and moisture problems in Norwegian homes. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health14(10), https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14101241.
- Burkinshaw, R. (2016). The rising damp tests of Camberwell Pier: Potential height of moisture rise in brickwork and the effectiveness of a modern chemical injection cream damp coursing Application. Journal of Building Appraisal 6(1), 5–19.
- Canadian Wood Council (CWC). (2014). Building Performance Series No 1. Moisture and Wood Frame (pp. 1-20). Ottawa, Ontario, Canada: Canadian Wood Council.
- Department for Education. (2015). Statutory Instrument: No.1943. Crown, Performance Standards.
- Donnithorne, J. (2014). Damp- causes and effect, posted in property care, United Kingdom. Research Gate 456(234), Retrieved on 10.07.2017.
- Emenius, G., Svartengren, M., Korsgaard, J., Nordvall, L., Pershagen, G. & Wickman, M. (2021). Indoor exposures and recurrent wheezing in infants. Acta Paediatr, 93(7), 899-905
- Evrard, A., & De-Herde, A. (2010). Hygrothermal performance of lime-hemp wall assemblies. 34(1). Journal of Building Physics, 5–25.
- Franzoni, E. (2014). Rising damp removal from historical masonries: a still open challenge, 54. Construction and Building Materials, 123-136.
- Freitas, J. G., & Delgado, A. S. (2017). Humivent” device for rising damp treatment. Recent Patents on Engineering5(3), 233–240.
- Gana, A. (2015). An Investigation into dampness in structures (a case study of high-rise buildings). Global Journal of Engineering Science and Research Management 2(5), 17–21.
- Hall, C., & Hoff, W. D. (2013). Capillary rise dynamics in walls. Physical and Engineering Sciences. Rising damp 463(2084):, 1871–1884.
- Harmoshi, H. H., & Rahim, F. (2020). Environmental concern regarding the effect of humidity and temperature on 2019-nCoV survival: Fact or Fiction. Environmental and Pollution Research, 27, 36027-36036.
- Ibitayo, S. M., & Ogunoh, E. P. (2020). Factors affecting maintenance of buildings in a petroleum training institute, Uwvie and Delta State University Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria. Archives of Current Research International, 19(4), 1-9.
- Jegede, O., & O.M., A. (2019). Green building standards: Opportunities for Nigeria. Journal of Cleaner Production, 227., 366-377.
- Koranteng, C. & Abaitey, E.G. (2019). Simulation-based analysis on the effects of orientation on energy performance of residential buildings in Ghana. Journal of Science and Technology 29 (3), 86-101.
- Momoh, J. I. (2021, November 16). Modern methods of construction: A technique in achieving affordable housing in Nigeria. London: South London Bank University.
- Nicol, S. (2016). The relationship between housing conditions and health findings from the WHO LARES survey of eight European cities. Ljubljana: Ljubljana, Slovenia.
- Oliver, J. (2017, July 15). Dampness in Buildings. Retrieved from Nottingham University: http://folders.nottingham.edu.cn
- Othman, N. L. (2015). A case study on moisture problems and building defects. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 170 (2), 27–36.
- Patton, P. (2015). Qualitative Research and Evaluation Methods: integrating theory and practice. Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE Publications, Inc.
- Rirsch, E. &. (2013). Rising dampness in masonry walls and the importance of mortar properties. Construction and Building Materials 24(10), 1815-1820.
- Safeguard. (2015, 07 08). Safeguard (2007), Rising Damp and its Control. Retrieved from Safeguard Europe: http://www.safeguardeurope.com
- Sellers, L. D. (2017). Rising damp evaluation and treatment a quasi-experimental case study. Leslie Dean Sellers submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of the Built Environment.
- Sulaiman, S. J., & Beithou, N. (2011). Residential building walls and environment in Amman Jordan. International Journal of Thermal & Environmental Engineering, 3(2), 101-107.
- Suryakanta. (2015, October 16). Dampness in the building- causes, sources, and effects, Retrieved from Civil Blog: civilblog.com.
- Sutcliffe, D. (2010, September 14). Penetrating Damp - What causes it and what can be done to treat it? Retrieved from Ezine: EzineArticles.com
- World Health Organisation. (2019). Dampness and Mould. Guidelines for indoor air quality, ISBN: 9789289041683.
- Xiangrui, K., Yuexia, S., Louise, B., Wescler, G. & Sundell, J. (2018). Dampness problems in Tianjin dwellings. Indoor and Built Environment, 132-44.
- Yang, L. G. (2019). Relationship between sorptivity and a capillary coefficient for water absorption of cement-based materials: theory analysis and. Royal Society Open Science 6(6), 1-9.
This research assessed the impact of dampness
on the structural stability of public secondary school
buildings in Adamawa state. Dampness as it were is the
infiltration of water through the structural elements
(interior and exterior) of an edifice, wetness of structural
elements through moisture rise by capillary, or extreme
quantity of moisture contained in building materials or
the building components (Agyekum, Ayakwa, Koranteng
& Adinyira, 2013a; Wilkowska, 2017). A percentage of
building structures that deteriorate during wetness,
dampness, or excessive moisture movements are
perceived, visible, or measurable (Soldatova, Sansone,
Stephens & Shah, 2011). A building is described as being
affected by dampness when there is moisture that is not
wanted to a certain degree in the building than its water-
retaining capability such that finishes and structural
members are stained or discoloured and certain
secondary elements are either upturned or lifted (Ishak,
Che Ani, Akashah &Kayan, 2013). The primary sources
of moisture in buildings according to Sulaiman and
Beithou (2011) are liquid water from precipitation or
plumbing leaks; water vapour from the building exterior
or activities/processes within the building; liquid and
vapour from the soil adjoining a building; and moisture
built-in with the materials of construction or brought in
with goods and people. Young (2007) and Agyekum et al.
(2013), categorise the primary sources of moisture into
three types: penetration dampness, condensation, and
rising dampness. Specifically, it; determined the common
types of dampness and common causes of dampness, it
also determined the extent of the impacts of dampness and
suggested suitable procedures for treating the impact of
dampness. A descriptive research design was adopted for
the study. Four purposes and four research questions
were raised to guide the study, the population for this
study is Grade A public secondary schools in Adamawa
State. Three sampling techniques were employed in this
study, these are stratified sampling, purposive sampling,
and simple random sampling. A checklist and a
structured questionnaire were developed.
Keywords :
Dampness, Impacts of Dampness, Structural Stability, Buildings.