Impacts of Dampness on Structural Stability of Public Secondary School Buildings in Adamawa State, Nigeria


Authors : GASSA, Joseph Philip; GASSA, Kevin Philip; MUHAMMAD, Anas Bajau; MUDARRIFU, Adamu; ABDUMALIK Hussaini

Volume/Issue : Volume 9 - 2024, Issue 7 - July

Google Scholar : https://tinyurl.com/mtw6fnfb

Scribd : https://tinyurl.com/3vtwuass

DOI : https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/IJISRT24JUL398

Abstract : This research assessed the impact of dampness on the structural stability of public secondary school buildings in Adamawa state. Dampness as it were is the infiltration of water through the structural elements (interior and exterior) of an edifice, wetness of structural elements through moisture rise by capillary, or extreme quantity of moisture contained in building materials or the building components (Agyekum, Ayakwa, Koranteng & Adinyira, 2013a; Wilkowska, 2017). A percentage of building structures that deteriorate during wetness, dampness, or excessive moisture movements are perceived, visible, or measurable (Soldatova, Sansone, Stephens & Shah, 2011). A building is described as being affected by dampness when there is moisture that is not wanted to a certain degree in the building than its water- retaining capability such that finishes and structural members are stained or discoloured and certain secondary elements are either upturned or lifted (Ishak, Che Ani, Akashah &Kayan, 2013). The primary sources of moisture in buildings according to Sulaiman and Beithou (2011) are liquid water from precipitation or plumbing leaks; water vapour from the building exterior or activities/processes within the building; liquid and vapour from the soil adjoining a building; and moisture built-in with the materials of construction or brought in with goods and people. Young (2007) and Agyekum et al. (2013), categorise the primary sources of moisture into three types: penetration dampness, condensation, and rising dampness. Specifically, it; determined the common types of dampness and common causes of dampness, it also determined the extent of the impacts of dampness and suggested suitable procedures for treating the impact of dampness. A descriptive research design was adopted for the study. Four purposes and four research questions were raised to guide the study, the population for this study is Grade A public secondary schools in Adamawa State. Three sampling techniques were employed in this study, these are stratified sampling, purposive sampling, and simple random sampling. A checklist and a structured questionnaire were developed.

Keywords : Dampness, Impacts of Dampness, Structural Stability, Buildings.

References :

  1. Agyekum, A. A., & Koranteng, C. (2014, July 24). Holistic Diagnosis of Rising Damp and Salt Attack in Two Residential Buildings in Kumasi, Ghana. Journal of Construction Engineering, pp. 1-7.
  2. Agyekum, K., & Ayarkwa, J. (2014). Dampness in walls of residential buildings. The views of building construction professionals in Ghana, 7(772).
  3. Ahmed, A. E. (2019). Assessment of Causes of Construction Building Defects in Debre Birhan University, North Showa, Amhara, Ethiopia. American Journal of Civil Engineering and Architecture, 7(4), 152-156.
  4. Ahzahar, N. K. (2014). A study of contribution factors to building failures and defects in the construction industry. Procedia Engineering 20(3), 249-255.
  5. Alfano, G. C. (2019). Long-term performance of chemical damp-proof courses. Building and Environment, 40-41.
  6. Amadi, A., & Higham, A. P. (2020). A cost trajectory to environmentally Adaptive building construction in wet humid settings. International Journal of Building Pathology and Adaptation 2(3), 68-88.
  7. Ampofo, J. A. (2020). Constraints factors to the maintenance of government senior high school buildings in Wa Municipal. International Journal OF Management and & Entrepreneurship Research, 2(3), 139-160.
  8. Arora, J., & Bindra., S. (2016). A textbook of building construction. Civil Engineering Materials & Construction. Code: BCE 203. Uk: Dhampat Rai & Sons.
  9. Asamoah, A. S. (2015). A review of epidemiological studies of asthma in Ghana. Ghana Medical Journal 46 (2), 23-28.
  10. Asamoah, A. S., & Boakye, D. A. (2012). A review of epidemiological studies of asthma in Ghana. Ghana Medical Journal, 46 (2), pp. 23-28(2012.
  11. Asamoah, R. A., & Ofei-Nyako, K. (2017). Construction practices contributing to rising dampness in Kumasi Metropolitan and Ejisu Municipal Assemblies in Ghana. Journal of Construction Engineering, 1-6.
  12. Auku, D. (2013). Damp revampment in Katsina. Building Therapy 3(4), 67-68.
  13. Barry, P. (2017, June 30). Building Defects- Dampness Part 1. Retrieved from BARRY: www.peterbarry.co.uk
  14. Becher, R. H. (2017). Dampness and moisture problems in Norwegian homes. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health14(10), https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14101241.
  15. Burkinshaw, R. (2016). The rising damp tests of Camberwell Pier: Potential height of moisture rise in brickwork and the effectiveness of a modern chemical injection cream damp coursing Application. Journal of Building Appraisal 6(1), 5–19.
  16. Canadian Wood Council (CWC). (2014). Building Performance Series No 1. Moisture and Wood Frame (pp. 1-20). Ottawa, Ontario, Canada: Canadian Wood Council.
  17. Department for Education. (2015). Statutory Instrument: No.1943. Crown, Performance Standards.
  18. Donnithorne, J. (2014). Damp- causes and effect, posted in property care, United Kingdom. Research Gate 456(234), Retrieved on 10.07.2017.
  19. Emenius, G., Svartengren, M., Korsgaard, J., Nordvall, L., Pershagen, G. & Wickman, M. (2021). Indoor exposures and recurrent wheezing in infants. Acta Paediatr, 93(7), 899-905

 

  1. Evrard, A., & De-Herde, A. (2010). Hygrothermal performance of lime-hemp wall assemblies. 34(1). Journal of Building Physics, 5–25.
  2. Franzoni, E. (2014). Rising damp removal from historical masonries: a still open challenge, 54. Construction and Building Materials, 123-136.
  3. Freitas, J. G., & Delgado, A. S. (2017). Humivent” device for rising damp treatment. Recent Patents on Engineering5(3), 233–240.
  4. Gana, A. (2015). An Investigation into dampness in structures (a case study of high-rise buildings). Global Journal of Engineering Science and Research Management 2(5), 17–21.
  5. Hall, C., & Hoff, W. D. (2013). Capillary rise dynamics in walls. Physical and Engineering Sciences. Rising damp 463(2084):, 1871–1884.
  6. Harmoshi, H. H., & Rahim, F. (2020). Environmental concern regarding the effect of humidity and temperature on 2019-nCoV survival: Fact or Fiction. Environmental and Pollution Research, 27, 36027-36036.
  7. Ibitayo, S. M., & Ogunoh, E. P. (2020). Factors affecting maintenance of buildings in a petroleum training institute, Uwvie and Delta State University Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria. Archives of Current Research International, 19(4), 1-9.
  8. Jegede, O., & O.M., A. (2019). Green building standards: Opportunities for Nigeria. Journal of Cleaner Production, 227., 366-377.
  9. Koranteng, C. & Abaitey, E.G. (2019). Simulation-based analysis on the effects of orientation on energy performance of residential buildings in Ghana. Journal of Science and Technology 29 (3), 86-101.
  10. Momoh, J. I. (2021, November 16). Modern methods of construction: A technique in achieving affordable housing in Nigeria. London: South London Bank University.
  11. Nicol, S. (2016). The relationship between housing conditions and health findings from the WHO LARES survey of eight European cities. Ljubljana: Ljubljana, Slovenia.
  12. Oliver, J. (2017, July 15). Dampness in Buildings. Retrieved from Nottingham University: http://folders.nottingham.edu.cn
  13. Othman, N. L. (2015). A case study on moisture problems and building defects. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 170 (2), 27–36.
  14. Patton, P. (2015). Qualitative Research and Evaluation Methods: integrating theory and practice. Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE Publications, Inc.
  15. Rirsch, E. &. (2013). Rising dampness in masonry walls and the importance of mortar properties. Construction and Building Materials 24(10), 1815-1820.
  16. Safeguard. (2015, 07 08). Safeguard (2007), Rising Damp and its Control. Retrieved from Safeguard Europe: http://www.safeguardeurope.com
  17. Sellers, L. D. (2017). Rising damp evaluation and treatment a quasi-experimental case study. Leslie Dean Sellers submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of the Built Environment.
  18. Sulaiman, S. J., & Beithou, N. (2011). Residential building walls and environment in Amman Jordan. International Journal of Thermal & Environmental Engineering, 3(2), 101-107.
  19. Suryakanta. (2015, October 16). Dampness in the building- causes, sources, and effects, Retrieved from Civil Blog: civilblog.com.
  20. Sutcliffe, D. (2010, September 14). Penetrating Damp - What causes it and what can be done to treat it? Retrieved from Ezine: EzineArticles.com
  21. World Health Organisation. (2019). Dampness and Mould. Guidelines for indoor air quality, ISBN: 9789289041683.
  22. Xiangrui, K., Yuexia, S., Louise, B., Wescler, G. & Sundell, J. (2018). Dampness problems in Tianjin dwellings. Indoor and Built Environment, 132-44.
  23. Yang, L. G. (2019). Relationship between sorptivity and a capillary coefficient for water absorption of cement-based materials: theory analysis and. Royal Society Open Science 6(6), 1-9.

This research assessed the impact of dampness on the structural stability of public secondary school buildings in Adamawa state. Dampness as it were is the infiltration of water through the structural elements (interior and exterior) of an edifice, wetness of structural elements through moisture rise by capillary, or extreme quantity of moisture contained in building materials or the building components (Agyekum, Ayakwa, Koranteng & Adinyira, 2013a; Wilkowska, 2017). A percentage of building structures that deteriorate during wetness, dampness, or excessive moisture movements are perceived, visible, or measurable (Soldatova, Sansone, Stephens & Shah, 2011). A building is described as being affected by dampness when there is moisture that is not wanted to a certain degree in the building than its water- retaining capability such that finishes and structural members are stained or discoloured and certain secondary elements are either upturned or lifted (Ishak, Che Ani, Akashah &Kayan, 2013). The primary sources of moisture in buildings according to Sulaiman and Beithou (2011) are liquid water from precipitation or plumbing leaks; water vapour from the building exterior or activities/processes within the building; liquid and vapour from the soil adjoining a building; and moisture built-in with the materials of construction or brought in with goods and people. Young (2007) and Agyekum et al. (2013), categorise the primary sources of moisture into three types: penetration dampness, condensation, and rising dampness. Specifically, it; determined the common types of dampness and common causes of dampness, it also determined the extent of the impacts of dampness and suggested suitable procedures for treating the impact of dampness. A descriptive research design was adopted for the study. Four purposes and four research questions were raised to guide the study, the population for this study is Grade A public secondary schools in Adamawa State. Three sampling techniques were employed in this study, these are stratified sampling, purposive sampling, and simple random sampling. A checklist and a structured questionnaire were developed.

Keywords : Dampness, Impacts of Dampness, Structural Stability, Buildings.

Never miss an update from Papermashup

Get notified about the latest tutorials and downloads.

Subscribe by Email

Get alerts directly into your inbox after each post and stay updated.
Subscribe
OR

Subscribe by RSS

Add our RSS to your feedreader to get regular updates from us.
Subscribe