Authors : Adrian C. Nuñez

Volume/Issue : Volume 10 - 2025, Issue 3 - March

Google Scholar : https://tinyurl.com/mthzvv99

Scribd : https://tinyurl.com/ynnbhfnv

DOI : https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/25mar766

Note : A published paper may take 4-5 working days from the publication date to appear in PlumX Metrics, Semantic Scholar, and ResearchGate.

Abstract : Amidst educators' daily challenges, teacher commitment remains an unwavering force that fuels the pursuit of excellence, ensuring optimal learning experiences and fostering student success. This study utilized mixed methods approach, specifically a convergent design, to determine the influence of human resource management practices and leadership styles on teacher commitment. The study participants were the teachers from the private secondary schools in the Province of Surigao del Sur, which were chosen using cluster sampling according to municipality/city during the quantitative phase and purposively selected in the qualitative phase. Further, adapted survey tools with a Five-point Likert Scale and an interview guide were used to extract data relative to the research questions. The mean, standard deviation, and linear regression were used as statistical tools. In the qualitative phase, core ideas and thematic analysis were employed to generate the essential themes. The quantitative and qualitative data were collected at the same time then the analysis of the data followed. Results showed that the status of leadership styles was very high while the human resource management practices were high. The status of teacher commitment was always evident. Furthermore, as regards the relationship of variables, the study revealed that human resource management practices do not have a significant relationship with teacher commitment. At the same time, the leadership styles were significantly correlated with teacher commitment. In the qualitative phase of the study, eight themes were formed based on participants' lived experiences regarding teacher commitment: empower connections, innovative instructional approaches, judicious discipline and guidance, task-oriented excellence, continuous professional growth, conscientious dedication, institutional loyalty, and collaborative harmony. In addition, six themes were generated from the insights shared by the participants regarding the beliefs and attitude on teacher commitment: positive climate, catalyzing leadership, engaged empowerment, unwavering mastery, innovative pedagogies, and empowering potentials. Finally, the result of the merging of quantitative and qualitative findings produced merging-converging nature on the human resource management practices and teacher commitment and significant influence of the study variables while merging-expanding for the leadership styles.

Keywords : Education, Leadership, Human Resource Management Practices, Leadership Styles, Teacher Commitment, Convergent Design, Philippines.

References :

1. Abazeed, R. (2018). Impact of Transformational Leadership Style on Organizational Learning in the Ministry of Communication and Information Technology in Jordan. https://bit.ly/3VfSIZt
2. Abdoulaye, B. A. (2018). Research on the Relationship between Human Resource Management Practices and Employee Retention in Chinese Overseas Enterprise Evidence from Huawei in Senegal. Journal of International Business Research and Marketing. https://doi.org/10.18775/jibrm.1849- 8558.2015.33.3001
3. Alhussaina, A. I., Abusamaan, M. S., Al-Shobaki, M. J., Talla, S. a. E., & Abu- Naser, S. S. (2021). Determinants of Organizational Justice and Their Relationship to Conscientious Behavior from the Point Of View of Officers Working In the Palestinian Police Force. International Journal of Academic Accounting, Finance & Management Research, 5(2). http://dstore.alazhar.edu.ps/xmlui/handle/123456789/2689
4. Adil, A., Kamal, A. & Shujja, S. (2019). Perceived Authentic Leadership in Relation to In-role and Extra-role Performance: A Job Demands and Resources Perspective. https://tinyurl.com/2dhcuhsu
5. Aga, D. A. (2016). Transactional Leadership and Project Success: The Moderating Role of Goal Clarity. Procedia Computer Science, 100, 517–525. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2016.09.190
6. Agyapong, B., Obuobi-Donkor, G., Burback, L., & Wei, Y. (2022). Stress, Burnout, Anxiety and Depression among Teachers: A Scoping Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(17), 10706. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191710706
7. Ahmed, H., Pasha, A. & Malik, M. (2021). The Role of Teacher Training Programs in Optimizing Teacher Motivation and Professional Development Skills. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1338294.pdf
8. Akhigbe, O. J., Finelady, A. M., & Felix, O. O. (2014). Transactional Leadership Style and Employee Satisfaction in Nigerian Banking Sector. European Journal of Business and Management, 6(26), 14–23. https://iiste.org/Journals/index.php/EJBM/article/download/14973/15707
9. Aksoy, S. & Şahin, S. (2022). Ways to Evaluate Teachers' Professional Performance in the Context of Performance Based Payment Policies. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1338172.pdf
10. Impact of Leadership Styles on Organizational Performance -. (2023, February 8). IBIMA Publishing. https://bit.ly/3XKu04X
11. Alamelu, R., Surulivel, S. T., Motha, L. C. S., Amudha, R., & Selvabaskar, S. (2015). Correlates of Employee Compensation and Commitment. Mediterranean              Journal  of            Social    Sciences. https://doi.org/10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n5p335
12. Al-Malki, M., & Juan, W. (2018). Leadership Styles and Job Performance: a Literature Review. Journal of International Business Research and Marketing, 3(3), 40–49. https://doi.org/10.18775/jibrm.1849-8558.2015.33.3004
13. Alqudah, I. H., Carballo-Penela, A., & Ruzo-Sanmartín, E. (2022). High- Performance Human Resource Management Practices and Readiness for Change: An Integrative Model Including Affective Commitment, Employees’ Performance, and the Moderating Role of Hierarchy Culture. European Research on Management and Business Economics, 28(1), 100177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iedeen.2021.100177
14. Altun, M. (2017). The Effects of Teacher Commitment on Student Achievement: A Case Study in Iraq. International Journal of Academic Research in Business & Social Sciences, 7(11). https://doi.org/10.6007/ijarbss/v7-i11/3475
15. Amadi, E. C. (2013). Amadi, E. C. & Anaemeotu P. (2013). Professional development of teachers’ academic performance in. ResearchGate. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272495717_Amadi_E_C_Anaem eotu_P_2013_Professional_development_of_teachers'_academic_perfor mance_in_Secondary_Schools_in_Etche_Local_Government_Area_of_Ri vers_State_Nigeria
16. Amadi, E. C. (2013). Amadi, E. C. & Anaemeotu P. (2013). Professional Development of Teachers’ Academic Performance in. . . ResearchGate. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272495717_Amadi_E_C_Anaem eotu_P_2013_Professional_development_of_teachers'_academic_perfor mance_in_Secondary_Schools_in_Etche_Local_Government_Area_of_Ri vers_State_Nigeria
17. Amutabi, M. (2020). Teachers’ Perception on Head Teacher’s Leadership Style and School Academic Performance in Kilifi County. Technicaluniversityofkenya. https://tinyurl.com/3u4sv2hm
18. Anwer, F. (2019). Activity-Based Teaching, Student Motivation and Academic Achievement. Journal of Education and Educational Development, 6(1). https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1216784.pdf
19. Asiyah, S. N., Wiyono, B. B., Hidayah, N., & Supriyanto, A. (2021). The Effect of Professional Development, Innovative Work and Work Commitment on Quality of Teacher Learning in Elementary Schools of Indonesia. Eurasian Journal   of            Educational   Research,              2021(95). https://doi.org/10.14689/ejer.2021.95.13
20. Atmaca, T. (2022). An Analysis of the Relationship among Teachers’ Team Learning, Moral Commitment, and Career Commitment Using Structural Equation Modeling. International Journal of Modern Education Studies, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.51383/ijonmes.2022.146.
21. Avolio, B.J. and Bass, B.M. (1991) The Full Range Leadership Development Programs Basic and Advanced Manuals. Bass, Avolio Associates, New York. - References - Scientific Research Publishing. (n.d.). https://scirp.org/reference/referencespapers.aspx?referenceid=2651754
22. Aydin, A., Sarier, Y., & Uysal, S. (2013). The Effect of School Principals’ Leadership Styles on Teachers’ Organizational Commitment and Job Satisfaction. Kuram Ve Uygulamada Egitim Bilimleri, 13(2), 806–811. http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1017309.pdf
23. Backes, B., Cowan, J., Goldhaber, D. & Theobald, R. (2022). Teachers and School Climate: Effects on Student Outcomes and Academic Disparities. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED625572.pdf
24. Bacha, S. (2019). Enhancing Faculties Sense Of Institutional Loyalty: Which Leadership Style Is Effective From Full Range. . . ResearchGate. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/337717763_ENHANCING_FAC ULTIES_SENSE_OF_INSTITUTIONAL_LOYALTY_WHICH_LEADERSHIP_STYLE_IS_EFFECTIVE_FROM_FULL_RANGE_LEADERSHIP_MOD EL?enrichId=rgreq-64d17e188fd135b4759a7a0be40dff96- XXX&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzMzNzcxNzc2MztBUzo4MzIwNjQx ODYyMzI4MzRAMTU3NTM5MDk2OTgxMw%3D%3D&el=1_x_3&_esc=p ublicationCoverPdf
25. Bandari, C. (2020). Human Resource Management Practices for Sustainability of Ghanaian              Small and Medium Enterprises. Walden University Scholar Works. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=10319&cont ext=dissertations
26. Barroca, B.M. (2013). Understanding Performance Evaluation Processes – What Employees Perceive and How They React. https://bit.ly/3jPxunp
27. Baloran, E. & Hernan, J. (2020). Crisis Self-Efficacy and Work Commitment of Education Workers among Public Schools during COVID-19 Pandemic. https://tinyurl.com/35jxz537
28. Baog, I. & Cagape, W. (2022). Adversity Quotient and Work Commitment among Public Secondary School Teachers in Davao City. https://tinyurl.com/5828snn4
29. Bibi, P., Bilal, H., Ahmad, A., & Hussain, J. (2020). Effect of Remuneration on Employee Commitment: Empirical Evidence from Hotel Industry. Journal of Accounting and Finance in Emerging Economies, 6(4), 1069–1075. https://doi.org/10.26710/jafee.v6i4.1462
30. Bibiso, A. (2017). The Relationship Between Teachers Commitment and Female Students Academic Achievements in Some Selected Secondary School in Wolaita Zone, Southern Ethiopia. Journal of Education and Practice, 8(4), 75–80. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1132934.pdf
31. BinBakr, M. B., & Ahmed, E. M. (2015). An Empirical Investigation of Faculty Members’ Organizational Commitmentin the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. American Journal of Educational Research, 3(8), 1020–1026. https://doi.org/10.12691/education-3-8-12
32. Biwott, B., Waiganjo, M., & Tanui, K. (2019). Influence of Teachers Service Commission’s Human Resource Management Practices on Teacher’s Job Commitment in Public Secondary Schools: A Case of Rongai Sub-County, Kenya. International Journal of Academic Research and Development, 4(6), 76–82. http://ir.kabarak.ac.ke/handle/123456789/667
33. Bizami, N. A., Tasir, Z., & Na, K. S. (2022). Innovative Pedagogical Principles and Technological Tools Capabilities for Immersive Blended Learning: A Systematic Literature Review. Education and Information Technologies, 28(2), 1373–1425. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-022-11243-w
34. Bluestein, S. (2021). Principal Effects on Academic Progress Over Time and the Potential Effects of School Context and Principal Leadership Practices. Journal of School Administration Research and Development, 6(1), 12–23. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1301289.pdf
35. Bogatova, M. (2017). Improving Recruitment, Selection and Retention of Employees. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/80995154.pdf
36. Bouwmans, M., Runhaar, P., Wesselink, R., & Mulder, M. (2019). Stimulating Teachers’ Team Performance through Team-Oriented HR Practices: The Roles of Affective Team Commitment and Information Processing. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 30(5), 856–878. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2017.1322626
37. Brahim, A. B. (2015). The Effect of Transactional Leadership on Employees Performance - Case Study of 5 Algerian Banking Institutions. Journal of Economics    and         Business,               13(2),     7–20. https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/193848/1/econ-review-v13-i2- p007-020.pdf
38. Brimhall, K. C., Barak, M. E. M., Hurlburt, M. S., McArdle, J. J., Palinkas, L. A., & Henwood, B. F. (2016). Increasing Workplace Inclusion: The Promise of Leader-Member Exchange. Human Service Organizations, Management, Leadership & Governance, 41(3),         222–239. https://doi.org/10.1080/23303131.2016.1251522
39. Bujang, M. A., Sa’at, N. H., & Sidik, T. M. I. T. a. B. (2022). Determination of Minimum Sample Size Requirement for Multiple Linear Regression and Analysis of Covariance Based on Experimental and Non-experimental Studies. Epidemiology Biostatistics and Public Health, 14(3). https://doi.org/10.2427/12117
40. Burns, J. (1978). Transformational Leadership. https://www.langston.edu/sites/default/files/basic-content- files/TransformationalLeadership.pdf
41. Caldarella, P., Larsen, R. E., Williams, L. D., Wills, H. P., & Wehby, J. H. (2020). “Stop Doing That!”: Effects of Teacher Reprimands on Student Disruptive Behavior and Engagement. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 23(3), 163–173. https://doi.org/10.1177/1098300720935101
42. Caldarella, P., Larsen, R. E., Williams, L. D., Wills, H. P., & Wehby, J. H. (2020). “Stop Doing That!”: Effects of Teacher Reprimands on Student Disruptive Behavior and Engagement. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 23(3), 163–173. https://doi.org/10.1177/1098300720935101
43. Cameron, V., & Grootenboer, P. (2018). Human Resource Management in Education: Recruitment and Selection of Teachers HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IN. . . ResearchGate. https://tinyurl.com/4ac8vns9
44. Cardino, J. M., & Cruz, R. a. O. (2020). Understanding of learning styles and teaching strategies towards improving the teaching and learning of mathematics. LUMAT, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.31129/lumat.8.1.1348
45. Carlos-Guzmán, J. (2021). Contributions of Best Practices in Teaching to Improving Higher Education Instruction. Archivos Analíticos De Políticas Educativas, 29(111). https://doi.org/10.14507/epaa.293906
46. Carvalho, M. (n.d.). Strategic Action Plans for School Improvement: An Exploratory Study About Quality Indicators for School Improvement Plan Evaluation. Journal of Social Studies Education Research, 13(1), 143–163. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1342195.pdf Teacher Turnover: Why It Matters and What We Can Do About It. (2017, August 16).            Learning                Policy     Institute. https://learningpolicyinstitute.org/product/teacher-turnover-report
47. Commitment to the Teaching Profession. (2017). International Journal of Social Sciences & Educational Studies, 4(2). https://doi.org/10.23918/ijsses.v4i2sip93
48. Chen, C., Ding, X., & Li, J. (2021). Transformational Leadership and Employee Job Satisfaction: The Mediating Role of Employee Relations Climate and the Moderating Role of Subordinate Gender. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(1), 233. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010233
49. Cherif, F. E. (2020). The role of human resource management practices and employee job satisfaction in predicting organizational commitment in Saudi Arabian banking sector. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 40(7/8), 529–541. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijssp-10-2019-0216
50. MSEd, K. C. (2022). How to Lead: 6 Leadership Styles and Frameworks. Verywell Mind. https://www.verywellmind.com/leadership-styles-2795312
51. Chirchir, R. (2014). Leadership Style and Teachers Commitment in Public Primary Schools   in            Bomet     County,  Kenya. Research Gate. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/270275324_Leadership_Style_a nd_Teachers_Commitment_in_Public_Primary_Schools_in_Bomet_Count y_Kenya
52. Cookson, P. W. (2017). Exploring Equity Issues: Building Relationships for Student Success. Principal Researcher, American Institutes for Research. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED585609.pdf
53. Creswell, J., & Creswell, J. D. (2018). Research Design Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches (5th ed.). SAGE Publications, Inc. https://spada.uns.ac.id/pluginfile.php/510378/mod_resource/content/1/cre swell.pdf
54. Darling-Hammond, L. & DePaoli, J. (2020). Why School Climate Matters and What Can Be Done to Improve It. https://tinyurl.com/4wp8runt
55. Dechev, Z. (2010). Effective Performance Appraisal: a Study into the Relation between Employer Satisfaction and Optimizing Business Results. National Association             of            State       Boards   of            Education. https://thesis.eur.nl/pub/7754/Dechev%2C%20Z.%20325702%20%20id% 20thesis7754%20.pdf
56. Demirtaş, Ö., & Karaca, M. (2020). A Handbook of Leadership Styles. https://www.amazon.com/Handbook-Leadership-Styles-Mustafa- Demirtas/dp/1527545989
57. Dhakal, B. P. (2022). Students Empowerment in Mathematics Classroom: Perception, Strategies, and States. Innovative Research Journal, 1(1), 141–150. https://doi.org/10.3126/irj.v1i1.51823
58. Doucet, A., Netolicky, D., Timmers, K. & Tuscano, F. (2020). Thinking about Pedagogy in an Unfolding Pandemic. (2020, March 20). Issuu. https://issuu.com/educationinternational/docs/2020_research_covid- 19_eng
59. Dzakpasu, R. K., Amankwah, F., Konin, D., & Amanfo, B. A. (2022). Leadership Styles of Head Teachers’ and Job Satisfaction Perceived By Ghanaian Public Basic School Teachers. African Journal of Educational Management Teaching and Entrepreneurship Studies, 3(1). https://academicjournals.org/journal/AJEMATES/article-full-text- pdf/638218D69315
60. Elamurugan, S. (2021). Professional Commitment of Primary School Teachers. ResearchGate. https://tinyurl.com/yc64h3e6
61. Emmanuel, O. O. (2021b). The Application of Elton Mayol’s Human Relations Theory and Douglas McGregor’s Theory X and Y to Achieve Organization Objectives. Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review, 11(4). https://www.hilarispublisher.com/open-access/the-application-of-elton-mayols-human-relations-theory-and-douglas-mcgregors-theory-x-and-y-to- achieve-organization-obje.pdf
62. Ertemsir, E., Bal, Y., & Bozkurt, S. (2017). A Research on Determining the Influence of HRM Practices on Increasing Organizational Commitment. Researchgate. https://tinyurl.com/bdzjkxuv
63. Espiritu, M. (2021). New Normal Leadership Competencies of School Heads and its Influence on their Decision-Making Style and Organizational Trust. International Journal of Academic Multidisciplinary Research, 5(11), 101–105. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED617687.pdf
64. Firmansyah, F., Prasojo, L. D., Jaedun, A., & Retnawati, H. (2022). Transformational Leadership Effect on Teacher Performance in Asia: A Meta-Analysis. Cypriot Journal of Educational Sciences, 17(6), 2127–2146. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1350085.pdf
65. Fitzgerald, A., & Cooper, R. (2022). The Longer-Term Influences of International Professional Experience on Teachers’ Professional Practice and Growth. International             Education             Studies,  15(5). https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1362544.pdf
66. Fogelgarn, R., & A. Burns, E. (2020). What constrains passionate teaching? A heuristic exploration. Issues in Educational Research, 30(2). https://www.iier.org.au/iier30/fogelgarn.pdf
67. Frey, B. B. (2018). The SAGE Encyclopedia of Educational Research, Measurement, and Evaluation. SAGE Publications, Inc. eBooks. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781506326139
68. Frischer, J. (2015). Laissez-faire Leadership versus Empowering Leadership in New Product Developing. https://tinyurl.com/bdetad3a
69. García-Morales, V. J., Jiménez-Barrionuevo, M. M., & Gutierrez-Gutierrez, L. J. (2012). Transformational leadership influence on organizational performance through organizational learning and innovation. Journal of Business     Research, 65(7), 1040–1050. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2011.03.005
70. Gathungu, E., Iravo, D. M. & Namusonge, G. (2015). Effect of Promotion Strategies on the Organizational Commitment of Banking Sector Employees in Kenya. https://bit.ly/3UhWQqD
71. Gomes, A. (2014). Transformational leadership: Theory, research and application to sports. In Nova Science Publishers eBooks (pp. 53–114). https://tinyurl.com/4dreu32b
72. Gómez, L. & Valdés, M. (2019). The Evaluation of Teacher Performance in Higher Education. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1220554.pdf
73. Gordon, S.D. (2018). Leadership’s Role in Teachers’ Commitment and Retention: A Case Study Analysis. https://bit.ly/3XHlSlN
74. Gyeltshen, L. (2019). Principals' Transformational Leadership Style and Organizational Commitment of the Teachers' in Middle Secondary Schools of            Bhutan: Quantitative         Study.     https://so01.tci- thaijo.org/index.php/emi/article/download/169584/138357/603333
75. Habib, H. (2019). Professional Commitment of Secondary School Teachers in Relation to their Self-Efficacy. https://bit.ly/3imVo99
76. Habib, H. (2020). Organizational Commitment among Secondary School Teachers in relation to Job Burnout. Shanlax International Journal of Education, 8(3), 72–76. https://doi.org/10.34293/education.v8i3.2760
77. Hailu, M. (2013). Employees’ Performance Evaluation Practices and Challenges At Zemen Bank. https://bit.ly/3Z9fl43
78. Hamengkubuwono, H., Asha, L., Warsah, I., Morganna, R., & Adhrianti, L. (2022). The Effect of Teacher Collaboration as the Embodiment of Teacher Leadership on Educational Management Students’ Critical Thinking Skills. European Journal of Educational Research, 11(3), 1315–1326. https://doi.org/10.12973/eu-jer.11.3.1315
79. Hanover   Research.              (2020).   Best        Practices               for           Learning               Loss        Recovery. https://wvde.us/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/Learning-Loss-Recovery- Best-Practices.pdf
80. Hariri & Sumintono (2020). Teacher Commitment to Teaching. https://tinyurl.com/5apar5ve
81. Harris, H. (2011). Human Resource Management Practices and Organizational Commitment: The Case of Academics in a Malaysian Higher Education Institution. https://bit.ly/3OIorQD
82. Hayyi, A. (2014). The Correlation between Explicit Grammatical Knowledge and Writing Ability of EFL Students. https://tinyurl.com/446knx32
83. Hennink, M., & Kaiser, B. N. (2021). Sample sizes for saturation in qualitative research: A systematic review of empirical tests. Social Science & Medicine, 292, 114523. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114523
84. Herlina, E., Tukiran, M., Andrianto, M., Hermansyah & Nugroho, A. (2022). Strategic Human Resources Management Practices and Employee Commitment: Literature              Review.  https://www.bircu- journal.com/index.php/birci/article/download/5313/pdf
85. Hussen, A., Awgichew, S. & Teshome, T. (2016) Teachers’ Professional Commitment towards Students’ Learning, their Profession and Community in Eastern Ethiopian Secondary School. https://bit.ly/3iqsOnq
86. Indermun, V. (2014). Importance of Human Resource Management Practices and the Impact Companies Face in Relation to Competitive Challenges. Singaporean Journal of Business Economics and Management Studies, 2(11), 125–135. https://doi.org/10.12816/0006786
87. Ingersoll, R. & Strong, M. (2011). The Impact of Induction and Mentoring Programs for Beginning Teachers: A Critical Review of the Research. https://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1127&context=gs e_pubs
88. Innstrand, S. T., & Grødal, K. (2021). Antecedents and Consequences of Perceived Inclusion in Academia. International Journal of Environmental Research       and         Public    Health,   19(1),     431. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010431
89. Inquirer.net. (2019). What happened to our basic education? https://opinion.inquirer.net/125707/what-happened-to-our-basic-education
90. Ishak, S. Z., Razak, N. A., Hussin, H., & Ishak, A. S. (2018). A Literature Review on Quality Teacher’s Working Life. MATEC Web of Conferences, 150, 05094. https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201815005094
91. Israel, F.S. (2018). The Level of Organizational Commitment among School Teachers in the Arab Israeli Schools from Their Point of View. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1236000.pdf
92. Jaqua, E. & Jaqua, T. (2021). Transactional Leadership. https://bit.ly/3GUHHbN Johnson, R. B., & Onwuegbuzie, A. J. (2004). Mixed methods research: A research paradigm whose time has come. Educational researcher, 33(7), 14-26. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3700093
93. Jones, M. (2021). Technology as a Technology as a Tool for Support Tool for Support: Classroom Teachers and Teachers and Resource Specialists in Collaboration and Communication Practices. https://tinyurl.com/mv2ru597
94. Kaegon, L. & Okere, N. (2021). Workplace Best Practices and Teachers’ Job Commitment in Public Senior Secondary Schools in Rivers State. https://bit.ly/3Z9J4Kb
95. Kaiser, F. (2021). Slowing the Slowing the Burn: Principal Leadership Supports to Reduce Burn: Principal Leadership Supports to Reduce Attrition. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1323153.pdf
96. Kalai, I., Kirmi, B. & Lhassan, I. (2022). Investigating the effect of teacher commitment on student academic: The case of Moroccan high schools in Tangier. https://hal.science/hal-03649692/document Kaleem, Y., Asad, S. & Khan, H. (2016). Leadership Styles and Using Appropriate Styles in Different Circumstances. https://bit.ly/3GE6joG
97. Kapur, R. (2020). Importance of Recruitment and Selection in Leading to Progression of   the Organization. https://tinyurl.com/bdh5chkt
98. Kaya, A. (2022). Teachers' organizational commitment to internal and external stakeholders of the school. https://tinyurl.com/ycy5cn4f
99. Kasa, M. D., Shamsuddin, M. K. A., Yaakob, M. F. M., Yusof, M. R., & Sofian, F. N. R. M. (2020). Exploring the Influence of a Principal’s Internalized Moral Perspective towards Teacher Commitment in Malaysian Secondary Schools. Journal of Education and E-learning Research, 7(3), 323–333. https://doi.org/10.20448/journal.509.2020.73.323.333
100. Khan, I. (2019). Exploring Areas and Opportunities of Professional Development for Teacher Educators. https://tinyurl.com/7m6jh3py
101. Kimball, S., Heneman, H. G., Worth, R., Arrigoni, J., & Marlin, D. (2016). Teacher Compensation: Standard Practices and Changes in Wisconsin. https://doi.org/10.12698/cpre.wcer.wp2016-5
102. Kiplagat, P., Role, E., & Makewa, L. N. (2012). Teacher commitment and mathematics performance in primary schools: A meeting point! International Journal of Development and Sustainability. http://isdsnet.com/ijds-v1n2- 18.pdf
103. Kirkiç, K. A., & Balci, T. A. (2021). Organizational Commitment Levels of Preschool Teachers and Administrators’ Leadership Styles. Problems of Education in the 21st Century, 79(2), 207–219. https://doi.org/10.33225/pec/21.79.207
104. Koch, T. (1994). Establishing rigour in qualitative research: the decision trail. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 19(5), 976–986. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.1994.tb01177.x
105. Koech, S., Chepkilot, R. & Waiganjo, M. (2020). Effect of Recruitment and Selection Practices on Job Satisfaction of Security Personnel in Public Secondary Schools in Baringo Country, Kenya. https://bit.ly/3Uiq6gG
106. Korejan, M. M. M. M., & Shahbazi, H. (2016). An analysis of the transformational leadership theory. Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, 8(3), 452. https://doi.org/10.4314/jfas.v8i3s.192
107. Kozlowski, S. & Bell, B. (2013). Work Groups and Teams in Organizations: Review Update. https://ecommons.cornell.edu/handle/1813/75230
108. Kraft, M. A., & Christian, A. (2021). Can Teacher Evaluation Systems Produce High-Quality Feedback? An Administrator Training Field Experiment. American Educational Research Journal, 59(3), 500–537. https://doi.org/10.3102/00028312211024603
109. Kubat, U. (2018). Identifying the Individual Differences among Students during Learning and Teaching Process by Science Teachers. International Journal of Research in Education and Science, 30–68. https://doi.org/10.21890/ijres.369746
110. Küçükbere, R. Ö., & Balkar, B. (2021). Teacher Accountability for Teacher Occupational Professionalism: The Effect of Accountability on Occupational Awareness with the Mediating Roles of Contribution to Organization, Emotional Labor and Personal Development. Journal on Efficiency and Responsibility in Education and Science, 14(3), 167–179. https://doi.org/10.7160/eriesj.2021.140304
111. Kwatubana, S., & Molaodi, V. T. (2021). Leadership Styles That Would Enable School Leaders to Support the Wellbeing of Teachers during COVID-19. Bulgarian             Comparative        Education             Society. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED614047.pdf
112. Lai, F., Tang, H., Lu, S., Lee, Y., & Lin, C. (2020). Transformational Leadership and Job Performance: The Mediating Role of Work Engagement. SAGE Open, 10(1), 215824401989908. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244019899085
113. Lawrence, A. S. A., & Deepa, T. (2013). Emotional Intelligence and Academic Achievement of High School Students in Kanyakumari District. International Journal of Physical and Social Sciences, 3(2), 101–107. http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED542329.pdf Learning Policy Institute. (2017). https://tinyurl.com/pwf2k83z
114. Lestari, A. N., Lian, B., & Putra, A. Y. (2021). The Effect of Teacher Work Motivation and Compensation on the Performance of Elementary School Teachers at Cempaka Sub-District of OKU Timur District. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Education Universitas PGRI Palembang (INCoEPP 2021). https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.210716.283
115. Limon, İ. (2022). Relationship between Empowering Leadership and Teachers’ Job Performance: Organizational Commitment as Mediator. Kuramsal Eğitim Bilim Dergisi, 15(1), 16–41. https://doi.org/10.30831/akukeg.945201
116. Lincoln, Y. S., Guba, E. G., & Pilotta, J. J. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 9(4), 438–439. https://doi.org/10.1016/0147-1767(85)90062-8
117. Liu, H., & Su, Y. (2018). Effects of Using Task-Driven Classroom Teaching on Students’ Learning Attitudes and Learning Effectiveness in an Information Technology Course. Sustainability, 10(11), 3957. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10113957
118. Lu, Y., Zhang, M. M., Yang, M. M., & Wang, Y. (2022). Sustainable human resource management practices, employee resilience, and employee outcomes: Toward common good values. Human Resource Management, 62(3), 331–353. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.22153
119. Lundmark, R., Richter, A., & Tafvelin, S. (2021). Consequences of Managers’ Laissez-faire Leadership during Organizational Restructuring. Journal of Change       Management,       22(1),     40–58. https://doi.org/10.1080/14697017.2021.1951811
120. Maguire, M., & Delahunt, B. (2017b). Doing a thematic analysis: A practical, step- by-step guide for learning and teaching scholars. All Ireland Journal of Teaching and Learning in Higher Education, 9(3). https://ojs.aishe.org/index.php/aishe-j/article/view/335
121. Maiyani, N. (2017). Committed Teacher: Teacher Commitment and Dedication to Student Learning. http://ijrar.com/upload_issue/ijrar_issue_497.pdf
122. Mampane, P. (2012). The Teacher Turnover Crisis: Evidence from South Africa. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2144991
123. Manla, V. (2021). School Climate: Its Impact on Teachers’ Commitment and School Performance. https://tinyurl.com/4vhc96xu
124. Mappamiring, M., & Putra, A. H. P. K. (2021). Understanding Career Optimism on Employee Engagement: Broaden-Built and Organizational Theory Perspective. Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business, 8(2), 605–616. https://doi.org/10.13106/jafeb.2021.vol8.no2.0605
125. Marsadina, D. & Jabar, C. (2022). The Effect of Work Loyalty and Work Ethics on Teacher's Career in Banjar District. https://www.atlantis- press.com/proceedings/iccie-21/125969641
126. Marshall, I. (2015). Principal Leadership Style and Teacher Commitment among a Sample of Secondary School Teachers in Barbados. Journal of Arts and Humanities, 4(5), 43–58. https://doi.org/10.18533/journal.v4i5.706
127. Mansor, A., Abdullah, R. & Jamaludin, K. (2021). The Influence of Transformational Leadership and Teachers’ Trust in Principals on Teachers’ Working Commitment. https://tinyurl.com/3vb9wppb
128. Mathieu, C., Neumann, C. S., Babiak, P., & Hare, R. D. (2015). Corporate Psychopathy and the Full-Range Leadership Model. Assessment, 22(3), 267–278. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191114545490
129. Maynes, N. (2013). Hiring And Supporting New Teachers Who Focus On Students’ Learning. Canadian Journal of Educational Administration and Policy, 144. http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1017211.pdf
130. Mart, C. (2013). Commitment to School and Students. https://tinyurl.com/2p9cp425
131. Mbokazi, M., Mkhasibe, R. & Ajani, O. Evaluating the Promotion Requirements for the Appointment of Office-Based Educators in the Department of Basic Education in South Africa. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1341176.pdf
132. McDonald, L. (2021). Leadership Styles in Education. https://bit.ly/3Z2LR89 Mizell,   H.   (2010).   Why   Professional Development Matters. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED521618
133. Mella, L. & Mnjokava, C. (2022). Effectiveness of Human Resource Management Practices on Teachers’ Performance in Public Secondary Schools in Arusha City Council. https://tinyurl.com/2fmxc7bs
134. Mkumbo, K. a. K. (2012). Teachers’ Commitment to, and Experiences of, the Teaching Profession in Tanzania: Findings of Focus Group Research. International Education Studies, 5(3). https://doi.org/10.5539/ies.v5n3p222 Mommers, J., Schellings, G. & Beijaard, D. (2021). Professional Identity Assignments to Support Beginning Teachers’ Growth into the Profession. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1313724.pdf
135. Mon, N. E., & Ye, Y. (2021). A study of the relationship between transformational leadership and teacher empowerment at Daruna Ratchaburi Witaed Suksa School in Ratchaburi Province, Thailand. Scholar: Human Sciences, 13(1), 152–163. https://repository.au.edu/handle/6623004553/23999
136. Moon, K., Brewer, T. D., Januchowski-Hartley, S. R., Adams, V. M., & Blackman, D. (2016). A Guideline to Improve Qualitative Social Science Publishing in Ecology and Conservation Journals. Ecology and Society, 21(3). https://doi.org/10.5751/es-08663-210317
137. Muhammad, N. & Hussain Ch., A. (2020). Relationship of Teachers' Empowerment and Organizational Commitment at Secondary School Level in Punjab. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1280876.pdf
138. Mugizi, W. (2019). Constructing a Conceptual Framework for Quantitative Data Analysis in Social Science Research. https://bit.ly/3FbAO4A
139. Mugizi, W. & Nuwatuhaire, B. (2018). Recruitment, Selection and Employee Commitment of Academic Staff in the Context of a Private University in Uganda. https://bit.ly/3NPHQAu
140. Mwamatandala, A., & Muneja, M. (2020). Effect of School Management on Teachers’ Commitment: A Case of Government Secondary Schools in Arusha City, Tanzania. https://bit.ly/3ChI11a
141. Mwesiga, A., & Okendo, E. O. (2018). Levels of Teachers Commitment to the Teaching Profession in Secondary Schools in Kagera Region, Tanzania. Research on Humanities and Social Sciences, 8(14), 117–127. https://iiste.org/Journals/index.php/RHSS/article/view/43581/44897
142. Naik, S., & Singh, H. O. D. (2013). Teacher Commitment of Government and Private Higher Secondary School. https://bit.ly/3Vxvmy8
143. Najafi, L., Hamidi, Y., Ghiasi, M., Shahhoseini, R. & Emami, H. (2011). Performance Evaluation and its Effects on Employees’ Job Motivation in Hamedan City Health Centers. https://bit.ly/3jSFvI0 Nanjundeswaraswamy,  T.  &  Swamy,  D.  (2014).  Leadership Styles. https://tinyurl.com/yjdzfyd7
144. National Education Association. (2022). Elevating the Education Professions: Solving Educator Shortages by Making Public Education an Attractive and Competitive Career Path. https://tinyurl.com/ye2yzew5
145. Neubauer, B., Witkop, C., & Varpio, L. (2019). How Phenomenology can Help Us Learn from the Experiences of Others. Perspectives on Medical Education, 8(2), 90–97. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40037-019-0509-2
146. Northouse, P. G. (2015). Leadership : Theory and Practice. http://cds.cern.ch/record/1630817
147. Nowell, L., Norris, J. M., White, D. L., & Moules, N. J. (2017). Thematic Analysis. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 16(1), 160940691773384. https://doi.org/10.1177/1609406917733847
148. Nzarirwehi, J., & Atuhumuze, F. (2019). In-Service Teacher Training and Professional Development of Primary School Teachers in Uganda. IAFOR Journal of Education, 7(1), 19–36. https://doi.org/10.22492/ije.7.1.02
149. Ogini, J. A. (2020). Job Promotion and Employee Commitment of Public Hospitals in Rivers State, Nigeria. https://bit.ly/3ONKeqc
150. Olaivar, R. & Loayon, L. (2022). School Heads’ Human Resource Management Practices, Teachers’ School Engagement, and Teaching Performance. https://www.granthaalayahpublication.org/journals/granthaalayah/article/vi ew/4758
151. Ongori, H., & Migiro, S. O. (2010). Information and communication technologies adoption in SMEs: literature review. Journal of Chinese Entrepreneurship, 2(1), 93–104. https://doi.org/10.1108/17561391011019041
152. Onyekachukwu, N., & Sonna, O.H. (2020). An Empirical Analysis Of Employee Remuneration And Affective Commitment. https://bit.ly/3OLSner
153. Organisation            for           Economic              Cooperation         and         Development.       (2019). https://www.oecd.org/economy/surveys/France-2019-OECD-economic- survey-overview.pdf
154. O’Riordan, J. (2017). Practices of Human Resource Management. https://tinyurl.com/4v6h7e6j
155. Ozdemir, M., Abasli, K. Mavi, D., Tuti, G. & Karatas, E. (2023). School and Teacher Level Predictors of Organizational Loyalty in an Era of School Reform. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12564-023-09874-w
156. Pagán-Castaño, E., Sánchez-García, J., Garrigos-Simon, F. J., & Guijarro-García, M. (2021). The Influence of Management on Teacher Well-Being and the Development of Sustainable Schools. Sustainability, 13(5), 2909. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13052909
157. Paidi, Subali, B. & Handoyo, L. (2020). The Mastery of Technological, Pedagogical, and Content Knowledge among Indonesian Biology Teachers. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1307666.pdf
158. Patrick, H. (2012). Human Resources Management Practices’ Influence On Faculty Commitment In Higher Educational Institutions' Shiju Sebastian, Assistant Registrar, Christ University, D.R College P.O, Hosur Road,Bangalore – 560029. https://bit.ly/3XBkr8F
159. Peracek, T. (2021). Human Resource and Their Remuneration: Managerial and Legal Background. https://bit.ly/3u6vBVl
160. Philippine Institute for Development Studies. (2017). Preparing the Philippines for the Fourth Industrial Revolution. https://tinyurl.com/p5zatamp
161. Rahayu, B. L. G., Putu, A. J. I., Ketut, S. I., & Hery, S. M. (2018). How Consistent is Teachers’ Planning, Implementation, and Assessment in Character Education? SHS Web of Conferences, 42, 00061. https://doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20184200061
162. Ramada, M. (2020). Human Resources Management Practices, Job Satisfaction and Faculty Performance. https://tinyurl.com/3sfpj6t6
163. Rayo, F., Pablo, J. A., Tuazon, R., Versoza, E., Pacut, R. M., Cruz, W. D., Mergenio, M., Pacano, S. M., Plamenco, P. M., Porras, E., Recaña, C. P., & Teaño, J. (2022). Amidst the COVID-19 Pandemic: Teacher’s Commitment and Its Influence on Job Performance. Zenodo (CERN European            Organization        for           Nuclear Research). https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6534542
164. Razali, F. M., Aziz, N. a. A., Rasli, R. M., Zulkefly, N. S., & Salim, S. S. (2019). Using Convergent Parallel Design Mixed Method to Assess the Usage of Multi-Touch Hand Gestures Towards Fine Motor Skills Among Pre-School Children. International Journal of Academic Research in Business & Social Sciences, 9(14). https://doi.org/10.6007/ijarbss/v9-i14/7023
165. Rehmat, M., Khan, H., Butt, T.H., Farooqi, H., & Asim, J. (2020). Impact of Transformational Leadership on Work Performance, Burnout and Social Loafing: A Mediation Model. https://bit.ly/3u6Iej4
166. Riggio, R. E. (2021). The Importance of Open-Mindedness and Acceptance in Teaching. Psychology Today. Retrieved from http://bitly.ws/EeET
167. Robert, V., & Vandenberghe, C. (2020). Laissez-Faire Leadership and Affective Commitment: the Roles of Leader-Member Exchange and Subordinate Relational Self-concept. Journal of Business and Psychology, 36(4), 533–551.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-020-09700-9.
168. Ruslin R., Saepudin Mashuri., Rasak, M. S. A., Alhabsyi, F., & Syam, H. (2022). Semi-structured Interview: A Methodological Reflection on the Development of a Qualitative Research Instrument in Educational Studies. https://tinyurl.com/jezbrtp6
169. Sabey, A. K., Rauer, A., Haselschwerdt, M. L., & Volling, B. L. (2017). Beyond “Lots of Hugs and Kisses”: Expressions of Parental Love From Parents and Their Young Children in Two-Parent, Financially Stable Families. Family Process, 57(3), 737–751. https://doi.org/10.1111/famp.12327
170. Saharuddin & Sulaiman (2016). The Effect Of Promotion And Compensation Toward Working Productivity Through Job Satisfaction And Working Motivation Of Employees In The Department Of Water And Mineral Resources Energy North Aceh District. https://bit.ly/3ihy6lb
171. Sande, M. (2019). Giving Advice: An Investigation of teacher-student interaction when giving advice. https://tinyurl.com/4sfs7uz6
172. Saragih, S., & D, Z. (2019). Teacher Behavior in Students’ Critical Thinking Ability Development. Journal of Physics, 1320(1), 012006. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1320/1/012006
173. Schuler, R. S., & Jackson, S. E. (1987). Linking Competitive Strategies with Human Resource Management Practices. Academy of Management Perspectives, 1(3), 207–219. https://doi.org/10.5465/ame.1987.4275740
174. Sebastian, J., Allensworth, E., & Huang, H. (2016). The Role of Teacher Leadership in How Principals Influence Classroom Instruction and Student Learning. American Journal of Education, 123(1), 69–108. https://doi.org/10.1086/688169
175. Sengpoh, L. (2019). The Effectiveness Collaborative Teaching Methods among the Lecturers in Academic Institutions. https://www.jesoc.com/wp- content/uploads/2019/08/KC13_017.pdf
176. Serrat, O. (2020). The Full Range Leadership Model: Essentials and Practicum. https://www.academia.edu/43555869/The_Full_Range_Leadership_Model_Essentials_and_Practicum
177. Shaout, A., & Yousif, M. (2014). Performance Evaluation-Methods and Techniques Survey. https://www.ijcit.com/archives/volume3/issue5/Paper030516.pdf
178. Shellhouse, J. A., Spratley, S., & Suarez, C. E. (2020). Influencing Factors on the Pursuit of Graduate Degrees in Agricultural Social Sciences. Journal of Agricultural Education, 61(1). https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.2020.01074
179. Shirbagi, N. (2007). Exploring Organizational Commitment and Leadership Frames within Indian and Iranian Higher Education Institutions. https://tinyurl.com/2mznskh8
180. Shorten, A., & Smith, J. (2017). Mixed Methods Research: Expanding the Evidence Base. Evidence-Based Nursing, 20(3), 74–75. https://doi.org/10.1136/eb-2017-102699
181. Showers, S. (2019). Building a Positive School Climate: What Principals Have Done to Effect Change, an Ethnographic Case Study. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1313&context= cehsedaddiss
182. Shrestha, M., & Dangol, R. (2020). Conscientiousness and Motivator Factors: Can They Contribute to Each Other among Teachers from Technical and Vocational Education and Training of Nepal? Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies in Education, 9(1), 117–137. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1267066.pdf
183. Siameto, D. S. (2017). Influence of Human Resource Management Practices on Teachers’ Commitment in Public Secondary Schools in Narok North Sub- county: a Case of Teachers’ Service Commission. http://erepository.uonbi.ac.ke/handle/11295/101386
184. Siraj, M., Rami, A. a. M., Aziz, N. a. A., & Anuar, M. S. (2022). The The Relationship Between School Heads’ Transformational and Structural Leadership Styles Towards Teachers’ Teaching Motivation. Asian Journal of University Education,           18(1),     244. https://doi.org/10.24191/ajue.v18i1.17193
185. Smorti, M., Sica, L. S., Costa, S., Biagioni, S., & Liga, F. (2021). Warmth, Competence, and Wellbeing: The Relationship between Parental Support, Needs Satisfaction, and Interpersonal Sensitivity in Italian Emerging Adults. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 19(5), 633–653. https://doi.org/10.1080/17405629.2021.1936492
186. Sowah, R. (2018). The Influence of Leadership Styles on Teachers Commitment in Basic Schools in the Adentan Municipality, Ghana. https://erl.ucc.edu.gh/jspui/handle/123456789/3246
187. Srinivasacharlu, A. (2019). Continuing Professional Development (CPD) of Teacher Educators in 21st Century. Shanlax International Journal of Education, 7(4), 29–33. https://doi.org/10.34293/education.v7i4.624
188. Stangor, C., & Walinga, J. (2011). Psychologists Use Descriptive, Correlational, and Experimental Research Designs to Understand Behaviour. https://openpress.usask.ca/introductiontopsychology/chapter/psychologists-use-descriptive-correlational-and-experimental-research-designs-to- understand-behavior/
189. Sokal, L., Trudel, L. & Babb, J. (2020). Canadian Teachers’ Attitudes towards Change, Efficacy, and Burnout During the COVID-19 Pandemic. https://tinyurl.com/bdfau75s
190. Syring, M., Tillmann, T., Weiss, S., & Kiel, E. (2018). Do Open-Minded Student Teachers Have More Favorable Attitudes Towards Different Dimensions of Heterogeneity? Journal of Educational and Developmental Psychology, 8(1), 133. https://doi.org/10.5539/jedp.v8n1p133
191. Tadesse, E.F. (2019). Teachers’ Organizational Commitment at Secondary School in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. https://bit.ly/3VHNpBs
192. Tanriogen, Z. (2022). Does Empowerment Effects the Quality of Work Life? https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1374413.pdf
193. Tarhan, H., Karaman, A. C., Kemppinen, L., & Aerila, J. (2019). Understanding Teacher Evaluation in Finland: A Professional Development Framework. Australian Journal of Teacher Education, 44(4), 33–50. https://doi.org/10.14221/ajte.2018v44n4.3
194. Teachers' Dignity Coalition & Inquirer.net. (2022). ‘Our only chance to rest’: Teachers Groan  under Weight of Extended Work Order. https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1610816/our-only-chance-to-rest-teachers- groan-under-weight-of-extended-work-order.
195. Tedla, B., Redda E., & Gaikar, V. (2021). Leadership Styles and School Performance: A Study within an Eritrean Context of Eastern African. https://iaeme.com/MasterAdmin/Journal_uploads/IJM/VOLUME_12_ISSU E_3/IJM_12_03_109.pdf
196. Thien, L. M., & Razak, N. A. (2014). Teacher Commitment: A Comparative Study of Malaysian Ethnic Groups in Three Types of Primary Schools. Social Psychology of Education, 17(2), 307–326. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11218-013-9242-6
197. Tiwari, B., & Lenka, U. (2020). Employee Engagement: A Study of Survivors in Indian IT/ITES Sector. IIMB Management Review, 32(3), 249–266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iimb.2019.10.003
198. Tobin, G., & Begley, C. (2004). Methodological Rigour within a Qualitative Framework. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 48(4), 388–396. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2004.03207.x
199. Turk, E. & Korkmaz, O. (2022). Teachers' Levels of Dedication and Commitment to Their Professions and Attitudes to Their Professions. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1348763.pdf
200. Türkoğlu, M. & Aypay, A. (2022). Teacher Performance Evaluation System in a Private School: A Case Study. https://tinyurl.com/mr32seyw
201. Turvey, B. & Fraud, F. (2013). Multiple Regression Analysis. https://bit.ly/3OM9Rrp Ugoani, J. (2020). Education and Its Impact on Human Resource Management and Management Development. https://bit.ly/3ucqnr7
202. Ural, F. (2021). An Exploration of Teacher Commitment through the Perspectives of Novice Teachers. https://open.metu.edu.tr/handle/11511/91698
203. Uysal, M., & Caganaga, C. K. (2018). Teachers Opinions of Human Resources Management Functions in Private Schools. Educational Research and Reviews. https://doi.org/10.5897/err2017.3407
204. Vanesa, V. (2021). The Effect of Transformational and Transactional Leadership on Employee Negative Behavior Mediated by Work Stress. https://tinyurl.com/mr3jcxtx
205. VanVoorhis, C. R. W., & Morgan, B. L. (2007). Understanding Power and Rules of Thumb for Determining Sample Sizes. Tutorials in Quantitative Methods for Psychology, 3(2), 43–50. https://doi.org/10.20982/tqmp.03.2.p043
206. Salisu, A. Y. (2021). Empowerment Influence on Turnover Intention of Public Secondary School Teachers in Katsina State Nigeria. Issues and Ideas in Education, 9(1), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.15415/iie.2021.91001 Components of Commitment to the Teaching Profession. (2017). International Journal of Social Sciences & Educational Studies, 4(2). https://doi.org/10.23918/ijsses.v4i2sip115
207. Zahoor, M., Hussain, A., & Ilyas, M. (2017). Teachers’ Satisfaction Regarding Human Resource Management Practices in Technical Institutions of Lahore. Bulletin of Education and Research, 39(2), 95–105. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1210118.pdf
208. Zhang, A., Olelewe, C. J., Ogbuanya, T. C., Ibezim, N. E., Sunday, N. H., Obichukwu, P. U., & Okanazu, O. O. (2020). Effects of Innovative and Traditional Teaching Methods on Technical College Students’ Achievement in Computer Craft Practices. SAGE Open, 10(4), 215824402098298. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244020982986
209. Zhou, H., & Ma, J. (2022). Organizational Justice and Teachers’ Turnover Intention in Primary and Secondary Schools: The Importance of Sustainable Salary Management. Sustainability, 14(20),  13314. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142013314
210. Zinger, D. (2009). Zinger Model of Employee Engagement. https://tinyurl.com/2p9262jp
211. Zoltan, R., & Vancea, R. (2015, January 16). Organizational Work Groups and Work Teams – Approaches and Differences. Ecoforum. https://econpapers.repec.org/RePEc:scm:ecofrm:v:4:y:2015:i:1:p:13.