Harmony of Transformational and Transactional Leadership Styles towards Positive Change in Teachers’ Motivation, Attitude, and Performance


Authors : Quennie S. Soriano; Agripina F. Banayo

Volume/Issue : Volume 9 - 2024, Issue 8 - August


Google Scholar : https://tinyurl.com/55fa7sf2

Scribd : https://tinyurl.com/392hrkau

DOI : https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/IJISRT24AUG987

Note : A published paper may take 4-5 working days from the publication date to appear in PlumX Metrics, Semantic Scholar, and ResearchGate.


Abstract : This study aimed to establish correlations using a correlational research design. It was guided by the Full Range Model which emphasizes the effectiveness of combining transformational and transactional leadership. A sample of 134 public elementary and secondary school teachers from 21 schools in Calauan Sub-Office, Laguna Province, was surveyed to examine these relationships. The instrument used was a researcher-made survey-questionnaire which underwent multiple validation stages. Based on the results, there was a very high level of transactional and transformational leadership styles among school heads, positively correlating with teachers' motivation, attitude, and performance. Specifically, transactional leadership behaviors such as contingent rewards and active management significantly influenced these factors, along with transformational leadership dimensions of idealized influence, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, and individualized consideration. These findings emphasize the critical role of leadership in fostering positive teacher outcomes. Recommendations include the investment in leadership development programs focusing on expanding beyond transactional approaches towards transformational leadership. Initiatives should sustain and deepen transformational practices, capitalize on teacher motivation and positive attitudes, and reinforce effective performance through targeted interventions and continuous professional development.

Keywords : Transformational Leadership; Transactional Leadership; Motivation; Performance.

References :

  1. Ashfaq, F., Abid, G., & Ilyas, S. (2021). Impact of Ethical Leadership on Employee Engagement: Role of Self-Efficacy and Organizational Commitment. European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education, 11(3), 962–974. https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe11030071
  2. Aureada, J. U. (2021). The Instructional Leadership Practices of School Heads.         International Journal of Educational Management and Development             Studies, 2(2), 75–89. https://iiari.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/06 /ijemds.v2.2.142.pdf
  3. Baiba Martinsone, & Žydžiūnaitė, V. (2023). Teachers’ contributions to the school   climate and using empathy at work: implications from qualitative research         in two European countries. Frontiers in Psychology, 14.https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1160546
  4. Barbuto, J., Bugenhagen, M., Stohs, J., & Matkin, G. (2013). Encouraging Creativity and Intellectual Stimulation: An Exercise Encouraging Creativity and Intellectual Stimulation: An Exercise that Forces Students to Think Outside the Box/.https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1097&context=aglecfacpub
  5. Barnett, D. E. (2019). Full-Range Leadership as a Predictor of Extra Effort in Online Higher Education: The Mediating Effect of Job Satisfaction. Journal of Leadership Education, 18(1), 86–101. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1204267
  6. Barni, D. et.al (2019). Teachers’ Self-Efficacy: The Role of Personal Values and       Motivations for Teaching. https://tinyurl.com/r5f95qn. Retrieved on 18th   August 2023
  7. Ben-Hur, S. & Kinley, N. (2016). Intrinsic motivation: The missing piece in changing employee behavior. International Institute for Management Development. https://www.imd.org/research-knowledge/organizationalbehavior/articles/intrinsic-motivation-the-missing-piece-in-changing-employee-behavior/
  8. Cherry, K. (2022, November 14). What Is Laissez-Faire Leadership? Retrieved                          from Very well mind website: https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-laissez-faire-leadership-2795316
  9. Chu, X., Ding, H., Zhang, L., & Li, Z. A. (2022). Strengths-Based Leadership and Turnover Intention: The Roles of Felt Obligation for Constructive Change and Job Control. Frontiers in Psychology, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.786551
  10. Day, C., Sammons, P., & Gorgen, K. (2020). Successful school leadership. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED614324.pdf
  11. De Jong, W. A., Lockhorst, D., de Kleijn, R. A. M., Noordegraaf, M., & van Tartwijk, J. W. F. (2022). Leadership practices in collaborative               innovation: A study among Dutch school principals. Educational Management Administration      and Leadership, 50(6), 928–944. https://doi.org/10.1177/1741143220962098
  12. Dellomas, J., & Deri, R. (n.d.). Leadership Practices of School Heads in Public Schools. https://uijrt.com/articles/v4/i2/UIJRTV4I20003.pdf
  13. Dinsdale, R. (2017). The Role of Leaders in Developing a Positive Culture. BU Journal of Graduate Studies in Education, 9(1). https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1230431.pdf
  14. Education Development Center. (2019). Building a Culture of Continuous Improvement GUIDEBOOK AND TOOLKIT. https://www.edc.org/sites/default/files/uploads/EDC-Building-Culture-Continuous-Improvement.pdf
  15. Eliyana, A., Ma’arif, S., & Muzakki. (2019). Job satisfaction and organizational       commitment effect in the transformational leadership towards employee performance. European Research on Management and Business             Economics, 25(3), 144–150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iedeen.2019.05.001
  16. Encyclopedia of psychology. (2023, June 1). CONTINGENT REWARD Definition   in Psychology. Retrieved November 13, 2023, from https://encyclopedia.arabpsychology.com/contingent-reward/
  17. Gandhi, N. (2022). Visionary leadership and job satisfaction. 10.25932/publishup-57269.
  18. Gandrita, D. M. (2023). Improving Strategic Planning: The Crucial Role of                  Enhancing Relationships between Management Levels. Administrative Sciences, 13(10), 211–211. mdpi. https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci13100211
  19. Grossman, D. (2022, August 29). Effects of Poor Communication in the      Workplace (w/ Solutions). Www.yourthoughtpartner.com.https://www.yourthoughtpartner.com/blog/poor-communication-in-the-workplace
  20. Hafeez, M. (2021). Impact of Teacher’s Training on Interest and Academic Achievements of Students by Multiple Teaching Methods. Pedagogical Research, 6(3), em0102. https://doi.org/10.29333/pr/11088
  21. Hansen, J. A., & Pihl-Thingvad, S. (2019). Managing employee innovative behaviour through transformational and transactional leadership styles. Public Management Review, 21(6), 918–944. https://doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2018.1544272
  22. Haxhihyseni, S., Tirana, J., & Carvalho, E. (2023). Impact of Principals' Leadership Styles on Teachers' Job Satisfaction and Motivation in Elementary Schools. Journal of Educational and Social Research. 13. 188.       10.36941/jesr-2023-0101.
  23. Hu, Y., Wu, X., Zong, Z., Xiao, Y., Maguire, P., Qu, F., Wei, J., & Wang, D. (2018). Authentic Leadership and Proactive Behavior: The Role of Psychological Capital and Compassion at Work. Frontiers in Psychology, 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02470
  24. Hyseni Duraku, Z., & Hoxha, L. (2021). Impact of Transformational and Transactional Attributes of School Principal Leadership on Teachers’ Motivation for Work. Frontiers in Education, 6. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2021.659919
  25. Islam, M. N., Furuoka, F., & Idris, A. (2021). Mapping the relationship between transformational leadership, trust in leadership and employee championing behavior during organizational change. Asia Pacific Management Review, 26(2), 95–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmrv.2020.09.002
  26. Jacobs, R. (2023, September 26). What Are the Effects of Laissez-Faire Leadership? (2023). Retrieved November 13, 2023, from Bophin website: https://bophin-com.ngontinh24.com/article/what-are-the-effects-of-laissez-faire-leadership
  27. Jan, F. et.al (2015). The Factors Affecting Teachers’ Self-esteem in the Higher Educational Institutions. Research on Humanities and Social Sciences Academic Hosting & Event Management Solutions, 5(9). doi: 2225-0484
  28. Jones, D., & Rudd, R. (2018). Transactional, Transformational, or Laissez-Faire Leadership: An Assessment of College of Agriculture Academic Program Leaders’ (Deans) Leadership Styles. Journal of Agricultural Education, 49(2), 88–97. https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.2008.02088
  29. Kaminskienė, L., Žydžiūnaitė, V., & Juozaitienė, R. (2021). Relationship Between Factors Of Teachers’ Leadership:Positive Attitudes, Professional Activeness, And Stress At School. Management (Croatia), 26(2), 197–210. https://doi.org/10.30924/mjcmi.26.2.11
  30. Kareem, J., Harold Andrew Patrick, Nepoleon Prabakaran, Valarmathi B, Veerta Tantia, Kumar, P., & Mukherjee, U. (2023). Transformational educational leaders inspire school educators’ commitment. Frontiers in Education, 8. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2023.1171513
  31. Kaur Bagga, S., Gera, S., & Haque, S. N. (2023). The mediating role of organizational culture: Transformational leadership and change management in virtual teams. Asia Pacific Management Review, 28(2), 120–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmrv.2022.07.003
  32. Kazemi, F., & Rafiepour, A. (2018). Developing a Scale to Measure Content Knowledge and Pedagogy Content Knowledge of In-Service Elementary Teachers on Fractions. International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education, 16(4), 737–757. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10763-016-9792-0
  33. Khalil, A., & Hussain, A. (2021). Transformational Leadership of Head Teachers and Academic Optimism: Perspectives of Teachers in Secondary Schools. 43(2), 61–74. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1338295.pdf
  34. Kheswa, J. (2015). Exploring the Impact of Ineffective Communication on Educators' Teaching Performance at Primary Schools. International Journal of Educational Sciences. 11. 330-340.
  35. Lai, F.-Y., Tang, H.-C., Lu, S.-C., Lee, Y.-C., & Lin, C.-C. (2020). Transformational Leadership and Job performance: the Mediating Role of Work Engagement. SAGE Open, 10(1), 1–11. Sagepub.https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244019899085
  36. Lai, K. (2019). The impact of leadership styles (transactional & transformational) and communication competencies on employee job satisfaction in telecommunication industry, Yangon, Myanmar. http://dspace.bu.ac.th/bitstream/123456789/4332/3/Kyi%20Phyu%20Shun       n%20Lai.pdf
  37. Liu, M., Zhang, P., Zhu, Y., & Li, Y. (2022). How and When Does Visionary                Leadership Promote Followers’ Taking Charge? The Roles of Inclusion of Leader in Self and Future Orientation. Psychology Research and Behavior   Management, 15(2), 1917–1929. NCBI. https://doi.org/10.2147/prbm.s366939
  38. Makasi, C. (2023). Money incentives. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/375690259_Money_incentives
  39. Mazzetti, G., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2022). The impact of engaging leadership on employee engagement and team effectiveness: A longitudinal, multi-level study on the mediating role of personal- and team resources. PLOS ONE, 17(6), 1–25.
  40. Mazzucato, M. (2017). Mission-oriented innovation policies: challenges and                              opportunities. Industrial and Corporate Change, 27(5), 803–815. https://doi.org/10.1093/icc/dty034
  41. Mbuva, J. (2016). Exploring Teachers’ Self-Esteem and Its Effects on Teaching, Students’ Learning and Self-Esteem. https://tinyurl.com/vr54o5e. Retrieved on 18th August 2023
  42. Oc, B. (2018). Contextual leadership: A systematic review of how contextual factors shape leadership and its outcomes. The Leadership Quarterly, 29(1), 218–235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2017.12.004
  43. Potter, K. (2024). Cultivating a Culture of Innovation. EDUCATIO Journal of            Education.
  44. Qiang, Z., Wang, J., He, K., & Xu, L. (2022). Potential of Passive Employees:                              How Servant Leadership Can Stimulate Innovation among Control-Oriented Employees. Sustainability, 15(1), 144.https://doi.org/10.3390/su15010144
  45. Queens University of Charlotte. (2020). Importance of Prof Development for            Educators | Queens Online. Qnstux. https://online.queens.edu/resources/article/professional-development-for-   educators/
  46. Ramakrishnan, R., Salleh, N. M., & Alias, A. (2020). The level of special      education teachers’ technological pedagogy and content knowledge, teaching style, self-efficacy and competency. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 8(11 A), 89–96. https://doi.org/10.13189/ujer.2020.082111
  47. Ramirez, C. (2019). A Motivating Factor: A closer look at the importance of              Intrinsic Motivation in Public. https://scholarworks.calstate.edu/downloads/jh343w04f
  48. Raschi, C. (2023, January 29). What Is Contingent Reward Leadership and How      Does It Work? Retrieved from Level 6 Incentives website: https://www.level6.com/what-contingent-reward-leadership/
  49. Rehman, S. U., Shahzad, M., Farooq, M. S., & Javaid, M. U. (2020). Impact of          leadership behavior of a project manager on his/her subordinate’s job-         attitudes and job-outcomes. Asia Pacific Management Review, 25(1), 38–           47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmrv.2019.06.004
  50. Rizvi, H. (2022, September 19). Difference & the Pros & Cons of Directive Vs            Supportive Leadership. Hidayat Rizvi. https://hidayatrizvi.com/directive-vs-supportive-leadership/
  51. Robbins, M. (2019, November 12). Why Employees Need Both Recognition and      Appreciation. Harvard Business Review. https://hbr.org/2019/11/why-employees-need-both-recognition-and-appreciation
  52. Sandvik, A. M., Croucher, R., Espedal, B., & Selart, M. (2018). Intellectual                  stimulation and team creative climate in a professional service firm. Evidence-Based HRM: A Global Forum for Empirical Scholarship, 6(1), 39–53.https://doi.org/10.1108/ebhrm-01-2017-0006
  53. Savolainen, H., Malinen, O. P., & Schwab, S. (2022). Teacher efficacy predicts teachers’ attitudes towards inclusion–a longitudinal cross-lagged analysis. International Journal of Inclusive Education, 26(9), 958–972. https://doi.org/10.1080/13603116.2020.1752826
  54. Schulze, J. H., & Pinkow, F. (2020). Leadership for Organisational Adaptability:                        How Enabling Leaders Create Adaptive Space. Administrative Sciences, 10(3), 37. https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci10030037
  55. Serang, S., Ramlawati, R., Suriyanti, S. & Junaidi, J. & Nurimansjah, R. (2024).         The role of ethical leadership on employees’ behaviours and commitment to the organisation. SA Journal of Human Resource Management. 22. 10.4102/sajhrm.v22i0.2373.
  56. Sfantou, D., Laliotis, A., Patelarou, A., Sifaki- Pistolla, D., Matalliotakis, M., & Patelarou, E. (2017). Importance of Leadership Style Towards Quality of Care Measures in Healthcare settings: a Systematic Review. Healthcare, 5(4), 73. NCBI. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare5040073
  57. Shaukat, S. et.al (2018). The impact of teachers’ characteristics on their      self‐efficacy and job satisfaction: a perspective from teachers engaging students with disabilities. https://tinyurl.com/ttajbxc. Retrieved on 18th August 2023
  58. Showers, S. (2019). DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska -Lincoln Building a    Positive School Climate: What Principals Have Done to Effect Change, an      Ethnographic Case Study. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1313&context=       cehsedaddiss
  59. Smith, C. (2023). The Use of Contingent Rewards. Retrieved from Small                     Business - Chron.com website: https://smallbusiness.chron.com/use-contingent-rewards-35216.html
  60. Sonmez, E. D., & Gokmenoglu, T. (2023). The Impact of Principals’ Distributed Leadership Behaviors on Teachers’ Attitudes Toward Multiculturalism: Social Justice Leadership as Mediator. Education and Urban Society, 55(4), 433–462. https://doi.org/10.1177/00131245221076095
  61. St. Thomas University (2014). Earn Your What is Transactional Leadership? How    Structure Leads to Results. https://online.stu.edu/degrees/education/what-is-transactional-leadership/
  62. Taqi Addin, N. (2020). The Relationship Between The Leadership And Organizational Performance A Review. International        Journal Of Innovations In Engineering Research And                 Technology [IJIERT]: 7. 120 - 128.
  63. Tepret, N.Y.  and  Tuna, K. (2015). Effect  of  Management  Factor  on  Employee  Job Satisfaction: An Application in Telecommunication Sector. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 195(0224): 673–79.
  64. The National Research Council (2014). Learning, Remembering, Believing:                                Enhancing Human Performance. https://www.nap.edu/read/2303/chapter/13. Retrieved on 18th August                        2023
  65. Tomlinson, J. M., Aron, A., Carmichael, C. L., Reis, H. T., & Holmes, J. G. (2013).                     The costs of being put on a pedestal. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 31(3), 384–409. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407513498656
  66. Tsai, Y. (2021). Relationship between Organizational Culture, Leadership                   Behavior and Job Satisfaction. BMC Health Services Research, 11(1). BMC. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6963-11-98
  67. Tzafilkou, K., Mâță, L., Curpănaru, G. L., Stoica, I. V., Voinea, L. N., & Șufaru, C.    (2022). A Comprehensive Instrument to Measure Teachers’ Attitude     towards Quality Management in the Context of Online Education. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031168
  68. Udin, U., Dananjoyo, R., & Isalman, I. (2022). The Effect of Transactional                Leadership on Innovative Work Behavior: Testing the Role of Knowledge Sharing and Work Engagement as Mediation Variables. International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning, 17(3), 727–736. https://doi.org/10.18280/ijsdp.170303
  69. Vainio, M. (2021). Transactional, Transformational and Passive-avoidant Leadership in Covid Times A quantitative study of Finnish nurses’ experiences in the Uusimaa-region. Retrieved from https://www.theseus.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/501132/Vainio_Mariela.pdf?                           sequence=2
  70. Valazza, G. (2017). Professional development: teacher development and    confidence. https://tinyurl.com/t7psz8r. Retrieved on 18th August 2023
  71. Van den Boom-Muilenburg, S. N., de Vries, S., van Veen, K., Poortman, C., &            Schildkamp, K. (2022). Leadership practices and sustained lesson study. Educational Research, 64(3), 295–316. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131881.2022.2090982
  72. Von Knorring, G. (2023). 5 Surprising Benefits of Passive Communication (at                            Work and Life) – Sancus Leadership. (www.sancusleadership.com.   Retrieved April 17, 2024, from https://www.sancusleadership.com/benefits-        of-passive-communication/
  73. Wahyuni, N. P. D., Purwandari, D. A., & Syah, T. Y. R. (2020). Transactional              Leadership, Motivation  and Employee Performance. Journal of           Multidisciplinary Academic, 3(5), 156–161. Retrieved from http://kemalapublisher.com/index.php/JoMA/article/view/413
  74. Wang, Y., Toseef, M., & Gong, Y. (2021). It process alignment in business strategy: Examining the role of transactional leadership and organization        culture. Information (Switzerland), 12(6). https://doi.org/10.3390/info12060237
  75. Wessels et.al (2017). Pre-service Teachers’ Confidence and Attitudes toward Teaching English Learners. https://tinyurl.com/s7mht6y. Retrieved on 18th August 2023
  76. Wilson, S. M. (2017). Comparing transformational, transactional and laissez-faire    styles. Retrieved from sites.psu.edu website: https://sites.psu.edu/leadership/2017/03/26/comparing-transformational-   transactional-and-laissez-faire-styles/
  77. Wodehouse, J. P. (2022). There Is An “I” in Team: Intellectual Stimulation in             Leadership Explained. Retrieved from Psu.edu website: https://extension.psu.edu/there-is-an-i-in-team-intellectual-stimulation-in-   leadership-explained
  78. Yin, H., Lee, J. C. K., & Zhang, Z. (2020). Catering for Learner Diversity in Hong Kong Secondary Schools: Insights from the Relationships Between Students’ Learning Styles and Approaches. ECNU Review of Education,           3(4), 610–631. https://doi.org/10.1177/2096531120911800
  79. Zhang, X., Noels, K., & Sugita-McEown, M. (2022). The Importance of an Autonomy-Supportive Workplace and Engaged Students for Language Teachers’ Self-Determination and Engagement. Journal for the            Psychology of Language Learning, 4(1), 1–25.        https://doi.org/10.52598/jpll/4/1/7
  80. Zhu, M., Sabir, N., Bonk, C. J., Sari, A., Xu, S., & Kim, M. (2021).   Addressing Learner Cultural Diversity in Mooc Design and Delivery:      Strategies and Practices of Experts. Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education, 22(2), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.17718/tojde.906468

This study aimed to establish correlations using a correlational research design. It was guided by the Full Range Model which emphasizes the effectiveness of combining transformational and transactional leadership. A sample of 134 public elementary and secondary school teachers from 21 schools in Calauan Sub-Office, Laguna Province, was surveyed to examine these relationships. The instrument used was a researcher-made survey-questionnaire which underwent multiple validation stages. Based on the results, there was a very high level of transactional and transformational leadership styles among school heads, positively correlating with teachers' motivation, attitude, and performance. Specifically, transactional leadership behaviors such as contingent rewards and active management significantly influenced these factors, along with transformational leadership dimensions of idealized influence, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, and individualized consideration. These findings emphasize the critical role of leadership in fostering positive teacher outcomes. Recommendations include the investment in leadership development programs focusing on expanding beyond transactional approaches towards transformational leadership. Initiatives should sustain and deepen transformational practices, capitalize on teacher motivation and positive attitudes, and reinforce effective performance through targeted interventions and continuous professional development.

Keywords : Transformational Leadership; Transactional Leadership; Motivation; Performance.

Never miss an update from Papermashup

Get notified about the latest tutorials and downloads.

Subscribe by Email

Get alerts directly into your inbox after each post and stay updated.
Subscribe
OR

Subscribe by RSS

Add our RSS to your feedreader to get regular updates from us.
Subscribe