Authors : Jeff Oba, Robert Ogaga Onosakponome; Joachim Chinonyerem Osuagwu

Volume/Issue : Volume 11 - 2026, Issue 7 - July

Google Scholar : https://tinyurl.com/3y7kayte

Scribd : https://tinyurl.com/yu86z8dw

DOI : https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/26jul1000

Note : A published paper may take 4-5 working days from the publication date to appear in PlumX Metrics, Semantic Scholar, and ResearchGate.

Abstract : Groundwater remains as a vital source of potable water for human consumption worldwide particularly in subSaharan African, including Nigeria as the primary source of safe water. The evaluation of this resource makes it suitable for different uses such as domestic and irrigation. The research attempt to evaluate groundwater quality of Asaba coastal region, using water quality index and GIS techniquesto characterize and map the spatial distribution of groundwater quality parameters with the objective of determining its suitability for drinking and irrigation purposes within the study area. 62 groundwater sampling borehole was access with nine parameters being analysis at each sampling point (pH, Total dissolve solid, Ammonia, Chloride, Sulphate, Nitrate, Sodium, Calcium and Iron.) The Finding from the WQI indicate that mean and standard deviation were 57.21 and 18.16 respectively, with spherical model of weak spatial dependence.

Keywords : Water Quality Index, Groundwater Quality, Spatial Distribution, Kriging.

References :

1. Adelana, S.M.A & MacDonald, A.M (2008): Groundwater research issues in African.
2. Akpovi, A. (2021) systematic risk assessment of self-supply systems in household: a case study of Asaba in Nigeria.  Loughborough University
3. Akter T et al (2016) Water quality index for measuring drinking water quality in rural Bangladesh: a cross-sectional study. J Health Popul Nutr 35:4–4. doi:10.1186/s41043-016-0041-5
4. Anomohanran, O. (2011): Determination of groundwater potential in Asaba, Nigeria using surface geoelectric sounding. International Journal of physical science, 6 7651-7656
5. Boateng T.K., Opoku, F., Acquaah, S.O., and Akoto, O.(2016) Groundwater quality assessment using statistical approach and water quality index in Ejisu-Juaben Municipality. Ghana Environmental Earth Sciences 75:1–14. doi:10.1007/s12665-015-5105-0
6. Brown, R.M., McClelland, N.I., Deininger, R.A., and Tozer, R.G.(1970) A water quality index: do we dare? Water Sewage Works 117:339–343
7. Chinwuko, A. I., Usman, A. O., Udoh, A. C., Odiegwu, J. C., & K., B. E. (2024). Characterization of Groundwater Potential in Parts of Asaba, Delta State, Nigeria Using Vertical Electrical Sounding Technique. Journal of Basic Physical Research, 12(1), 63–72.
8. ESRI,(2019): Deterministic Methods for Spatial Interpolation. https://desktop.arcgis.com/fr/arcmap/latest/extensions/geostatistical analyst/deterministic-methodsfor-spatial-interpolation.htm. (Accessed 20 March 2020).
9. Johnston, K., Ver Hoef, J.M., Krivoruchko, K.,& Lucas, N. (2001) Using ArcGIS geostatistical analyst vol 380. Esri Redlands
10. Ketata-Rokbani, M., Gueddari, M., & Bouhlila, R. (2011) Use of geographical information system and Water Quality Index to assess groundwater quality in El Khairat Deep Aquifer (Enfidha, Tunisian Sahel). Iran J Energy Environ 2(2):133–144
11. Kumar, M., Kumari, K., Ramanathan, A., & Saxena, R. (2007) A comparative evaluation of groundwater suitability for irrigation and drinking purposes in two intensively cultivated districts of Punjab. India Environmental Geology 53:553–574. doi:10.1007/s00254-007- 0672-3
12. Melegy, A.A., Shaban, A.M., Hassaan, M.M., & Salman, S.A. (2014): Geochemical mobilization of some heavy metals in water resources and their impact on human health in Sohag Governorate. Egypt Arabian Journal of Geosciences 7:4541–4552. doi:10.1007/s12517-013-1095-y
13. Milovanovic, M. (2007) Water quality assessment and determination of pollution sources along the Axios/Vardar River, Southeastern Europe. Desalination 213:159–173
14. Oteze, G.E (1991): Water resources in Nigeria
15. Rabeiy, R.E (2018): Assessment and modeling of groundwater quality using WQI and GIS in Upper Egypt area. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 25(31):30808-30817.doi:10.1007/s11356-017-8617-1.
16. Rajankar, P.N., Tambekar, D.H.,& Wate, S.R. (2010) Groundwater quality and water quality index at Bhandara District. Environ Monit Assess 179: 619–625. doi:10.1007/s10661-010-1767-y
17. Ramakrishnaiah, C., Sadashivaiah, C., & Ranganna, G. (2009) Assessment of water quality index for the groundwater in Tumkur Taluk. Karnataka State, India Journal of Chemistry 6:523–530
18. Sumathi, V.R., Natesan, U., & Sarkar, C. (2008) GIS-based approach for optimized siting of municipal solid waste landfill Waste Management 28:2146–2160 doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2007.09.032
19. Sadat-Noori, S.M., Ebrahimi, K., & Liaghat, A.M. (2014) Groundwater quality assessment using the Water Quality Index and GIS in SavehNobaran aquifer, Iran. Environ. Earth Sci. 71(9):3827–3843. doi:10.1007/s12665-013-2770-8
20. Shabbir, R., & Ahmad, S.S. (2015) Use of geographic information system and water quality index to assess groundwater quality in Rawalpindi and Islamabad Arabian. Journal for Science and Engineering 40:2033–2047. doi:10.1007/s13369-015-1697-7
21. Singh, A.K., Mondal, G., Kumar, S., Singh, T., Tewary, B., & Sinha, A.(2008) Major ion chemistry, weathering processes and water quality assessment in upper catchment of Damodar River basin. India Environmental geology 54:745–758
22. Singh, P., & Khan, I.(2011) Ground water quality assessment of Dhankawadi ward of Pune by using GIS. International Journal of Geomatics and Geosciences 2:688–703
23. Srinivas P, Pradeep Kumar G, Srinivatas Prasad A, Hemalatha T (2011) Generation of groundwater quality index map—a case study. Civil and Environmental Research 1:9–21
24. Tahlawi, M.E., Mohamed, M., Boghdadi, G., Rabeiy, R., & Saleem, H. (2014)Groundwater quality assessment to estimate its suitability for different uses in Assiut Governorate, Egypt https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305688706
25. Taki, R. (2003) Groundwater vulnerability mapping using geographic information system (GIS)—case study Qazvin aquifer. Dissertation. University of Tehran. Tehran, Iran
26. Trivedi, P., Bajpai, A., & Thareja S (2009) Evaluation of water quality: physico–chemical characteristics of Ganga River at Kanpur by using correlation study. Nature and Science 1:91–94
27. Umar, R., Ahmed, I., & Alam F (2009) Mapping groundwater vulnerable zones using modified DRASTIC approach of an alluvial aquifer in parts of Central Ganga Plain, Western Uttar Pradesh. J Geol Soc India 73:193–201
28. Vasanthavigar, M., Srinivasamoorthy, K., Vijayaragavan, K., Rajiv Ganthi, R., Chidambaram, S., Anandhan, P., Manivannan, R., & Vasudevan S (2010) Application of water quality index for groundwater quality assessment: Thirumanimuttar sub-basin, Tamilnadu, India. Environ Monit Assess. doi:10.1007/s10661-009-1302-1
29. WHO (World Health Organization), (2008). Guidelines for drinking water quality, Electronic Resource; Incorporation 1st and 2nd Addenda v. 1 Recommendations; 3rd Edition, Geneva, 515