Authors : Samuel Iliya Bajahry; Joy Joshua T; M. A. Nda; Abejide O. S; J. M Kaura; Amana Ocholi

Volume/Issue : Volume 10 - 2025, Issue 4 - April

Google Scholar : https://tinyurl.com/5t2dsttb

Scribd : https://tinyurl.com/5794n365

DOI : https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/25apr1066

Google Scholar

Note : A published paper may take 4-5 working days from the publication date to appear in PlumX Metrics, Semantic Scholar, and ResearchGate.

Note : Google Scholar may take 15 to 20 days to display the article.

Abstract : Although self-compacting concrete (SCC) is a unique concrete that can spread and fill formwork without the need for mechanical vibration, researchers are now using supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) to partially replace cement in SCC production because of the high cement content required to produce SCC. Based on the aforementioned, the rheological and strength properties of SCC admixed with Rice Husk Ash (RHA) and Metakaolin (MK) at 0.4, 0.5, and 0.6 water-cement (W/C) ratios was investigated. The materials used in the study are cement, water, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, Metakaolin (MK), Rice Husk Ash (RHA), and superplasticizer. Mechanical tests were conducted on the cement, fine and coarse aggregate, RHA and MK. SCC was produced by partially replacing cement with RHA and MK separately and in blend at 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, 12.5, and 15 %, yielding a total of four hundred and twenty (420) concrete cubes, and all cubes were cured for 3, 7, 14, 28, 56, 90, and 120 days before crushing. The Marsh cone test was adopted to determine the optimum superplasticizer (SP) content, while the rheological tests conducted on the fresh SCC are the slump test, V-funnel test, L- Box test, and J-Ring test, whereas the mechanical tests conducted on the hardened SCC are the compressive, flexural, and split tensile strength test. Results from the findings showed that the rheological properties of SCC admixed with RHA and MK separately and in blend at 0.9 % superplasticizer content, exhibits adequate workability and flowability at 0.4, 0.5, and 0.6 water-cement ratios. Also, at 0.4, 0.5, and 0.6 W/C ratios, the maximum compressive strength of SCC was achieved at 5- 10 % for RHA, and 5-15 % for MK, and was achieved at 10 % when MK and RHA was used in blend. More also, the maximum 28 days split tensile strength was achieved at 7.5-10 % for RHA, and 10 % for MK, and was achieved at 10 % when MK and RHA blend replaced cement. Furthermore, the maximum 28 days flexural strength was achieved at 12.5-15 % for RHA, and 15 % for MK, and was achieved at 12.5 % when MK and RHA blend replaced cement. Hence it was concluded that the workable rheological, and maximum strength properties of SCC can be achieved when blend of RHA and MK replaces cement between 10 – 12.5 %.

Keywords : Compressive strength; Flexural strength; Metakaolin (MK); Rheology; Rice Husk Ash (RHA); Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC); Split tensile strength.

References :

1. M. Moravvej and M. Rashidi, "Structural performance of self-compacting concrete," in Self-Compacting Concrete: Materials, Properties and Applications: Elsevier, 2020, pp. 371-387.
2. S. Dey, V. P. Kumar, K. Goud, and S. Basha, "State of art review on self compacting concrete using mineral admixtures," Journal of Building Pathology and Rehabilitation, vol. 6, no. 1, p. 18, 2021.
3. D. A. Jebitha, M. R. Kannan, and S. Karthiyaini, "A Systematic Review on Formwork Pressure Exerted by Self-Compacting Concrete: Parameters, Prediction Models, and Advances in Monitoring Technologies," Iranian Journal of Science and Technology, Transactions of Civil Engineering, pp. 1-26, 2025.
4. D. K. Ashish and S. K. Verma, "An overview on mixture design of self‐compacting concrete," Structural Concrete, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 371-395, 2019.
5. M. Geiker and S. Jacobsen, "Self-compacting concrete (SCC)," in Developments in the Formulation and Reinforcement of Concrete: Elsevier, 2019, pp. 229-256.
6. A. Mimoun, "Assessing the characteristics of self compacting concrete with and without steel fibre reinforcement," Cardiff University, 2023.
7. A. Bradu, N. Cazacu, N. Florea, and P. Mihai, "Compressive strength of self compacting concrete," Buletinul Institutului Politehnic din lasi. Sectia Constructii, Arhitectura, vol. 62, no. 2, p. 59, 2016.
8. K. C. Onyelowe and D.-P. N. Kontoni, "The net-zero and sustainability potential of SCC development, production and flowability in concrete structures," International Journal of Low-Carbon Technologies, vol. 18, pp. 530-541, 2023.
9. S. Ayuba, O. Uche, S. Haruna, and A. Mohammed, "Durability properties of cement–saw dust ash (SDA) blended self compacting concrete (SCC)," Nigerian Journal of Technology, vol. 41, no. 2, pp. 212-221, 2022.
10. G. Fares, A. K. El-Sayed, A. M. Alhozaimy, A. I. Al-Negheimish, and A. S. Albidah, "Lightweight SCC development in a low-carbon cementitious system for structural applications," Materials, vol. 16, no. 12, p. 4395, 2023.
11. S. A. Abubakar, S. Mori, and J. Sumner, "A review of factors affecting SCC initiation and propagation in pipeline carbon steels," Metals, vol. 12, no. 8, p. 1397, 2022.
12. S. E. Kelechi, M. Adamu, A. Mohammed, I. I. Obianyo, Y. E. Ibrahim, and H. Alanazi, "Equivalent CO2 emission and cost analysis of green self-compacting rubberized concrete," Sustainability, vol. 14, no. 1, p. 137, 2021.
13. N. Mohamad, K. Muthusamy, R. Embong, A. Kusbiantoro, and M. H. Hashim, "Environmental impact of cement production and Solutions: A review," Materials Today: Proceedings, vol. 48, pp. 741-746, 2022.
14. B. Koul, M. Yakoob, and M. P. Shah, "Agricultural waste management strategies for environmental sustainability," Environmental Research, vol. 206, p. 112285, 2022.
15. A. Kumar, B. Sengupta, D. Dasgupta, T. Mandal, and S. Datta, "Recovery of value added products from rice husk ash to explore an economic way for recycle and reuse of agricultural waste," Reviews in Environmental Science and Bio/Technology, vol. 15, pp. 47-65, 2016.
16. N. Hossain, M. A. Bhuiyan, B. K. Pramanik, S. Nizamuddin, and G. Griffin, "Waste materials for wastewater treatment and waste adsorbents for biofuel and cement supplement applications: a critical review," Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 255, p. 120261, 2020.
17. A. Hanif, P. Parthasarathy, H. Ma, T. Fan, and Z. Li, "Properties improvement of fly ash cenosphere modified cement pastes using nano silica," Cement and Concrete Composites, vol. 81, pp. 35-48, 2017.
18. A. Kwan and J. Chen, "Adding fly ash microsphere to improve packing density, flowability and strength of cement paste," Powder technology, vol. 234, pp. 19-25, 2013.
19. R. Kumar, A. K. Samanta, and D. S. Roy, "Characterization and development of eco-friendly concrete using industrial waste–A Review," Journal of Urban and Environmental Engineering, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 98-108, 2014.
20. S. Raju and P. Kumar, "Effect of using glass powder in concrete," International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, vol. 31, pp. 21-427, 2014.
21. A. Onwualu, "Agricultural sector and national development: Focus on value chain approach," of the Annual Lecture of Onitsha Chamber of Commerce. 24th May, 2012.
22. P. Dorosh, M. T. Win, and J. van Asselt, "Production Shocks, Exports and Market Prices," 2019.
23. B. Salmia, M. Nuruddin, N. Shafiq, M. Nur Liyana, and S. Talib, "Performance of microwave incinarated rice husk ash and used engine oil as a green concrete admixtures," Journal of Engineering Science and Technology, vol. 10, no. 12, pp. 1628-1640, 2015.
24. P. O. Ologunye, "Investigating durability potentials of selected kaolin clays in Edo state, south–south region of Nigeria," Discover Chemistry, vol. 1, no. 1, p. 17, 2024.
25. M. Kudu and N. Yusuf, "Characteristics Behavior of Partially Replaced Cement with Kankara Metakaolin in Concrete Production," FUDMA JOURNAL OF SCIENCES, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 76-81, 2022.
26. M. Kabilis, K. Ibedu, Y. Amartey, A. Lawan, and J. Nyela, "Laboratory Experiment on the Effect of Carbibe Waste and Metakaolin on Strength and Durability Properties of Blended Concrete," 2023.
27. A. S. Baba, A. A. Umar, A. Abubakar, and T. Adagba, "Application of Response Surface Methodology in Predicting and optimizing the properties of Concrete containing Ground Scoria and Metakaolin blended Cement in Concrete," Journal of Civil Engineering Frontiers, vol. 4, no. 01, pp. 19-26, 2023.
28. T. Ali, A. Saand, D. k. Bangwar, A. S. Buller, and Z. Ahmed, "Mechanical and Durability Properties of Aerated Concrete Incorporating Rice Husk Ash (RHA) as Partial Replacement of Cement," Crystals, vol. 11, p. 604, 2021.
29. S. A. Alabi and J. Mahachi, "Performance assessment of mechanical and durability properties of cupola slag geopolymer concrete with fly and rice husk ashes," Nigerian Journal of Technological Development, 2022.
30. S. Bahri, H. B. Mahmud, P. Shafigh, and E. Majuar, "Mechanical and Durability Properties of High Strength High Performance Concrete Incorporating Rice Husk Ash," IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, vol. 536, 2019.
31. B. I. Rasoul, "The Effect of Rice Husk Ash on the Mechanical and Durability Properties of Concrete," University of Brighton, 2018.
32. B. I. Rasoul, F. Günzel, and M. I. Rafiq, "The effect of rice husk ash properties on the strength and durability of concrete at high replacement ratio," 2017.
33. D. S. Abraham, S. J. Raman, and S. Aiswarya, "MECHANICAL AND DURABILITY PROPERTIES OF SELF COMPACTING CONCRETE USING RICE HUSK ASH AND MARBLE POWDER," 2018.
34. A. Mohanraj and V. Senthilkumar, "Effect of Metakaolin on the Durability Property of Superabsorbent Polymer Blended Self-Compacting Concrete," Iranian Journal of Science and Technology, Transactions of Civil Engineering, vol. 46, pp. 2099 - 2110, 2021.
35. G. Satyanarayana and B. Chaitanya, "Durability properties of m60 gradeself-compacting concrete with partial replacement of cement by GGBS, lime powder and metakaolin," International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering, https://doi. org/10.35940/ijrte. C, vol. 6289, p. 098319, 2019.
36. N. Atmaca, A. Atmaca, and G. Sezer, "The Investigation of Strength and Water Absorption of Self-Compacting Concrete by Inclusion of Metakaolin and Calcined Kaolin," 2018.
37. S. N. Lenka and K. C. Panda, "Effect of metakaolin on the properties of conventional and self compacting concrete," 2017.
38. G. Bumanis and D. Bajare, "CHLORIDE PENETRATION COEFFICIENT AND FREEZE-THAW DURABILITY OF WASTE METAKAOLIN CONTAINING HIGH STRENGTH SELF-COMPACTING CONCRETE," 2016.
39. M. Verma, A. Sharma, I. Chaturvedi, W. Imtiyaz, S. Bharti, and A. Kumar, "Optimization of production variables for metakaolin and rice husk ash-based geopolymer cement," IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, vol. 1327, 2024.
40. M. O. Adeshokan and C. Arum, "Comparison between the Compressive Strength of Binary and Ternary Alkaline-activated Pozzolanic Concrete," Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management, 2023.
41. A. K. Sharma and S. K. Gupta, "A Study on the Strength Aspects of Concrete with Metakaolin, GGBFS and Rice Husk Ash as Partial Replacement of OPC," IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, vol. 889, 2021.
42. A. S. Gill and R. Siddique, "Durability properties of self-compacting concrete incorporating metakaolin and rice husk ash," Construction and Building Materials, vol. 176, pp. 323-332, 2018.
43. M. Vaid and R. S. Bansal, "Experimental Study on Strength and Durability Properties of Concrete Incorporating Binary and Ternary Blends of Metakaoline, Silica Fume and Rice Husk Ash," 2017.
44. V. Kannan, "Strength and durability performance of self compacting concrete containing self-combusted rice husk ash and metakaolin," Construction and Building Materials, vol. 160, pp. 169-179, 2018.
45. V. Kannan and K. Ganesan, "Synergic Effect of Pozzolanic Materials on the Structural Properties of Self-Compacting Concrete," Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, vol. 39, pp. 2601 - 2609, 2014.
46. ASTM-C494, "Standard and Specification for Chemical Admixtures for Concrete," ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA. , 2017.
47. BS-EN-196-3, "Methods of testing cement. Determination of setting times and soundness," 2016.
48. BS-882:2, "Grading Limit for Fine Aggregate. British Standrd Institution London," 1992.
49. BS-812:2, "Method of determination of particle density, water absorption, and bulk density in aggregate.," 1995.
50. BS-812-110, "Methods for determination of aggregate crushing value (ACV). British Standard Institution, London," 1990.
51. ASTM-C33. "Standard Specification for Concrete Aggregates." https://www.astm.org/c0033_c0033m-18.html (accessed.
52. ASTM-C618. "Standard Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or Calcined Natural Pozzolan for Use as a Mineral Admixture in Concrete." https://www.astm.org/c0618-00.html (accessed.
53. BS:4359-1. "Determination of the specific surface area of powders - BET method of gas adsorption for solids (including porous materials)." https://knowledge.bsigroup.com/products/determination-of-the-specific-surface-area-of-powders-bet-method-of-gas-adsorption-for-solids-including-porous-materials (accessed.
54. ASTM-C939. "Standard Test Method for Flow of Grout for Preplaced-Aggregate Concrete (Flow Cone Method)." https://www.astm.org/c0939-10.html (accessed.
55. BS-EN-12350;2, "Method for Determination of Slump in Concrete, British Standard Institution, London," 2009.
56. EFNARC, "The European Guidelines for Self-Compacting Specifications, Production and Use Concrete, Association," 2005.
57. BS-1881-116, "Method for determination of compressive strength of concrete cubes, British Standard Institution, London," 1983.
58. BS-EN-12390-3, "Testing hardened concrete," 2009.
59. ASTM-C78, "Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of Concrete (Using Simple Beam with Third-Point Loading)," 2009.
60. ASTM-C496, "Standard Test Method for Splitting Tensile Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimen. ASTM International, West Conshohoken, PA," 2011.
61. BS-EN:12620. "Aggregates for concrete." https://knowledge.bsigroup.com/products/aggregates-for-concrete-1 (accessed.
62. BS:8615-1. "Specification for pozzolanic materials for use with Portland cement - Natural pozzolana and natural calcined pozzolana." https://knowledge.bsigroup.com/products/specification-for-pozzolanic-materials-for-use-with-portland-cement-natural-pozzolana-and-natural-calcined-pozzolana (accessed.
63. R. Singh and D. Singh, "Effect of rice husk ash on compressive strength of concrete," International Journal of Structural and Civil Engineering Research, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 223-226, 2019.
64. G. Nithyambigai, "Effect of rice husk ash in concrete as cement and fine aggregate," International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology, vol. 4, no. 05, pp. 934-936, 2015.
65. M. Mubaraki, S. Osman, and H. Sallam, "Effect of RAP content on flexural behavior and fracture toughness of flexible pavement," Latin American Journal of Solids and Structures, vol. 16, 2019.
66. J. Morales Fournier, D. Acosta Álvarez, A. Alonso Aenlle, A. J. Tenza-Abril, and S. Ivorra, "Combining reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) and recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) from Cuba to obtain a coarse aggregate fraction," Sustainability, vol. 12, no. 13, p. 5356, 2020.
67. A. Abolhasani, B. Samali, and F. Aslani, "Rice husk ash incorporation in calcium aluminate cement concrete: Life cycle assessment, hydration and strength development," Sustainability, vol. 14, no. 2, p. 1012, 2022.
68. A. R. Capelo, G. Mármol, and J. A. Rossignolo, "Optimization of the rice husk ash production process for the manufacture of magnesium silicate hydrate cements," Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 425, p. 138891, 2023.
69. M. Raghav, T. Park, H.-M. Yang, S.-Y. Lee, S. Karthick, and H.-S. Lee, "Review of the effects of supplementary cementitious materials and chemical additives on the physical, mechanical and durability properties of hydraulic concrete," Materials, vol. 14, no. 23, p. 7270, 2021.
70. R. Bouras, "Rheologie des pates cimentaires pour betons autoplaçants," Université Mouloud Mammeri, 2011.
71. D. Lowke, "Interparticle forces and rheology of cement based suspensions," in Nanotechnology in Construction 3: Proceedings of the NICOM3: Springer, 2009, pp. 295-301.
72. EFNARC. "Specification and Guidelines for Self-Compacting Concrete." Available at: https://wwwp.feb.unesp.br/pbastos/c.especiais/Efnarc.pdf (accessed 28th July, 2024).
73. O. Cizer, K. Van Balen, D. Van Gemert, and J. Elsen, "Carbonation and hydration of mortars with calcium hydroxide and calcium silicate binders," in Sustainable Construction Materials and Technologies: CRC Press, 2020, pp. 611-621.
74. S. K. Das, A. Adediran, C. R. Kaze, S. M. Mustakim, and N. Leklou, "Production, characteristics, and utilization of rice husk ash in alkali activated materials: An overview of fresh and hardened state properties," Construction and Building Materials, vol. 345, p. 128341, 2022.
75. T. Shams, G. Schober, D. Heinz, and S. Seifert, "Rice husk ash as a silica source for the production of autoclaved aerated concrete–a chance to save energy and primary resources," Journal of Building Engineering, vol. 57, p. 104810, 2022.
76. H. T. Le and H.-M. Ludwig, "Alkali silica reactivity of rice husk ash in cement paste," Construction and Building Materials, vol. 243, p. 118145, 2020.
77. M. Amran et al., "Rice husk ash-based concrete composites: A critical review of their properties and applications," Crystals, vol. 11, no. 2, p. 168, 2021.
78. S. A. Agboola, U. Yunusa, M. Tukur, and H. Bappah, "Strength Performance of Concrete Produced with Rice Husk Ash as Partial Replacement of Cement," African Journal of Environmental Sciences and Renewable Energy, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 1-15, 2022.
79. B. Xi et al., "Optimization of rice husk ash concrete design towards economic and environmental assessment," Environmental Impact Assessment Review, vol. 103, p. 107229, 2023.
80. D. N. Subramaniam and N. Sathiparan, "Comparative study of fly ash and rice husk ash as cement replacement in pervious concrete: mechanical characteristics and sustainability analysis," International journal of pavement engineering, vol. 24, no. 2, p. 2075867, 2023.
81. N. M. S. Hasan et al., "Integration of rice husk ash as supplementary cementitious material in the production of sustainable high-strength concrete," Materials, vol. 15, no. 22, p. 8171, 2022.
82. L. Jarumi, O. O. Olubajo, I. A. Ibrahim, and A. Abubakar, "Strength Prediction and Optimization of Animal Bone Ash- Metakaolin Cement Blends via Response Surface Methodology," Science Forum (Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences), vol. 23: 402-416, 2023.
83. T. Selvaraj, S. K. Kaliyavaradhan, K. Kakria, and R. C. Malladi, "Use of e-waste in metakaolin blended cement concrete for sustainable construction," Sustainability, vol. 14, no. 24, p. 16661, 2022.
84. A. Saand, K. Ali, A. Kumar, N. Bheel, and M. A. Keerio, "Effect of metakaolin developed from natural material Soorh on fresh and hardened properties of self-compacting concrete," Innovative Infrastructure Solutions, vol. 6, pp. 1-10, 2021.
85. A. O. Arinkoola et al., "Influence of Metakaolin and nano-clay on compressive strength and thickening time of class G oil well cement," Songklanakarin Journal of Science & Technology, vol. 43, no. 1, 2021.
86. N. Maach, J. Georgin, S. Berger, and J. Pommay, "Chemical mechanisms and kinetic modeling of calcium aluminate cements hydration in diluted systems: Role of aluminium hydroxide formation," Cement and Concrete Research, vol. 143, p. 106380, 2021.
87. A. Moudio et al., "Influence of the synthetic calcium aluminate hydrate and the mixture of calcium aluminate and silicate hydrates on the compressive strengths and the microstructure of metakaolin-based geopolymer cements," Materials Chemistry and Physics, vol. 264, p. 124459, 2021.
88. K. Weise, "Time-Dependent Influence of Calcium Hydroxide, Alkali Hydroxides, and Sulfates on Pozzolanic Metakaolin Reactions: Experimental Investigations and Stoichiometric Modeling," 2024.
89. A. M. N. Moudio et al., "Influence of CaO/Al2O3 molar ratio of synthetic calcium aluminate hydrates on the engineering properties of metakaolin-based alkali-activated materials," Discover Civil Engineering, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 1-17, 2024.
90. N. W. Uche, "A study on ordinary Portland cement blended with rice husk ash and metakaolin," Traektoriâ Nauki= Path of Science, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 3001-3019, 2020.
91. J. Saravanan, K. Suguna, and P. Raghunath, "Mechanical Properties for Cement Replacement by Metakaolin Based Concrete," International Journal of Engineering and Technical Research, vol. 2, no. 8, pp. 4-8, 2014.
92. Z. A. Farsana and S. Vivek, "Experimental and Microstructure Study on Ternary Blended SCC Using RHA, SF and MK as a Partial Cement Replacement," in International Conference on Advances in Structural Mechanics and Applications, 2021: Springer, pp. 9-28.
93. T. Ali, A. Saand, D. K. Bangwar, A. S. Buller, and Z. Ahmed, "Mechanical and durability properties of aerated concrete incorporating rice husk ash (RHA) as partial replacement of cement," Crystals, vol. 11, no. 6, p. 604, 2021.
94. G. Shupta, A. Goyal, A. Shetty, and A. Kanoungo, "Effect of Agro-Waste as a Partial Replacement in Cement for Sustainable Concrete Production," in Proceedings of International Conference on Innovative Technologies for Clean and Sustainable Development (ICITCSD–2021), 2022: Springer, pp. 447-458.
95. R. P. Nanda, A. K. Mohapatra, and B. Behera, "Influence of metakaolin and Recron 3s fiber on mechanical properties of fly ash replaced concrete," Construction and Building materials, vol. 263, p. 120949, 2020.
96. S. Agboola, K. Abbas, A. Musa, M. Shabi, A. Abdulwaheed, and A. Zakari, "Performance of Concrete Using Metakaolin as Cement Partial Replacement Material," ARID ZONE JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING, TECHNOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT, vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 749-759, 2024.
97. J. B. Nemeyabahizi, "Partial Replacement of Cement with Combination of Rice Husk Ash and Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag in SCC- An Experimental Analysis," 2017.
98. S. Ahmed, "Rice Husk Ash as a Partial Replacement of Cement in High Strength Concrete containing Fly Ash," International Journal of Current Engineering and Technology, 2021.
99. D. S. Narayana, A. Pavani, and N. V. H. Reddy, "Mechanical Properties of Self Compacting Concrete with Partial Replacement of Rice Husk Ash," International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development, pp. 504-512, 2017.
100. A. A. Mahmoud, H. R. Mohammed, and M. Abd, "Feasibility of using Metakaolin as a Self Compacted Concrete Constituent Material," 2016.
101. M. Oraka and F. Sajedi, "Investigating the effect of using three pozzolans separately and in combination on the properties of self-compacting concrete," 2021.
102. H. A. Saifullah, E. Safitri, W. Wibowo, and D. L. Zuniatama, "Shear Behaviour of High-Strength Self-Compacting Concrete (HSSCC) RC Beam with 12.5% Metakaolin and Variations of Silica Fume," in E3S Web of Conferences, 2023, vol. 445: EDP Sciences, p. 01016.
103. S. Marwoto, H. A. Saifullah, E. Safitri, and W. Wibowo, "Flexural behaviour of high-strength self-compacting concrete (HSSCC) RC beam with 12.5% metakaolin and variations of silica fume," in AIP Conference Proceedings, 2024, vol. 3110, no. 1: AIP Publishing.
104. E. Safitri, Wibowo, H. A. Saifullah, and F. G. Septian, "The Effect of 12.5% Metakaolin and Variations of Silica Fume on Split Tensile Strength and Modulus of Rupture of High Strength Self-Compacting Concrete (HSSCC)," in International Conference on Rehabilitation and Maintenance in Civil Engineering, 2021: Springer, pp. 1165-1172.
105. E. Safitri, Wibowo, H. A. Saifullah, and F. S. Perdana, "The Strength and Modulus of Elasticity of High Strength Self-compacting Concrete (HSSCC) with 12.5% Metakaolin and Variations of Silica Fume," in International Conference on Rehabilitation and Maintenance in Civil Engineering, 2021: Springer, pp. 1173-1180.