Authors :
Dimba Marmo; Eveline Mboh Khan; Atanga D. Funwie; Foyeth Eugene
Volume/Issue :
Volume 11 - 2026, Issue 5 - May
Google Scholar :
https://tinyurl.com/h62dmd4p
Scribd :
https://tinyurl.com/5h5hjwjp
DOI :
https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/26May1954
Note : A published paper may take 4-5 working days from the publication date to appear in PlumX Metrics, Semantic Scholar, and ResearchGate.
Abstract :
Background:
Immunization remains a cornerstone of child health, yet disparities in coverage persist across geographic,
socioeconomic, and cultural contexts. Understanding these determinants is essential for designing effective interventions.
Methods:
A cross-sectional survey conducted assessed DTP1 immunization coverage among children across multiple health
districts. Data were analyzed by maternal age, marital status, socioeconomic status, maternal autonomy, and cultural
restrictions on vaccinators. Bivariate analysis was performed to identify associations between these factors and
immunization uptake.
Keywords :
Immunization Coverage, DTP1 Vaccine, Socioeconomic Disparities, Maternal Autonomy Cultural Determinants.
References :
- Alegana, V. A., Ticha, J. M., Mwenda, J. M., Katsande, R., Gacic-Dobo, M., Danovaro-Holliday, M. C., Shey, C. W., Akpaka, K. A., Kazembe, L. N., & Impouma, B. (2024). Modelling the spatial variability and uncertainty for under-vaccination and zero-dose children in fragile settings. Scientific Reports, 14(1), 24405. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-74982-5
- Allan, S., Adetifa, I. M. O., & Abbas, K. (2021). Inequities in childhood immunisation coverage associated with socioeconomic, geographic, maternal, child, and place of birth characteristics in Kenya. BMC Infectious Diseases, 21, 553. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-021-06271-9
- Bangura, J. B., Xiao, S., Qiu, D., Ouyang, F., & Chen, L. (2020). Barriers to childhood immunization in sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review. BMC Public Health, 20, 1108. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-09169-4
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- Hogan, D., & Gupta, A. (2023). Why Reaching Zero-Dose Children Holds the Key to Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals. Vaccines, 11(4), 781. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11040781
- López-Cevallos, D. F., & Rothwell, D. W. (2025). What role does wealth play in the racial health gap in the United States? Examining differences among African Americans, Latinos, and non-Hispanic Whites. SSM - Population Health, 29, 101752. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2025.101752
- Nguyen, P. T., Nakamura, R., Shimadzu, H., Abubakar, A. K., Le, P. M., Nguyen, H. V., Nguyen, H. L., Sato, M., Honda, A., & Gilmour, S. (2025). Progress and inequality in child immunization in 38 African countries, 2000–2030: A spatio-temporal Bayesian analysis at national and sub-national levels. PLOS Medicine, 22(7), e1004664. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1004664
- Nyasulu, B. J., Heidari, S., Manna, M., Bahl, J., & Goodman, T. (2023). Gender analysis of the World Health Organization online learning program on Immunization Agenda 2030. Frontiers in Global Women’s Health, 4, 1230109. https://doi.org/10.3389/fgwh.2023.1230109
- Parsekar, S. S., Vadrevu, L., Jain, M., Menon, S., & Taneja, G. (2024). Interventions addressing routine childhood immunization and its behavioral and social drivers. Frontiers in Public Health, 12, 1364798. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2024.1364798
- Senaratne, P., Pathiranage, H. S. K., Jayawardhana, D., Kaluarachchi, K., & Gaspe, S. (2025). Socioeconomic impacts of adolescent pregnancy on education and future employment in Batticaloa District, Sri Lanka. BMC Public Health, 25, 3262. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-025-24108-x
Background:
Immunization remains a cornerstone of child health, yet disparities in coverage persist across geographic,
socioeconomic, and cultural contexts. Understanding these determinants is essential for designing effective interventions.
Methods:
A cross-sectional survey conducted assessed DTP1 immunization coverage among children across multiple health
districts. Data were analyzed by maternal age, marital status, socioeconomic status, maternal autonomy, and cultural
restrictions on vaccinators. Bivariate analysis was performed to identify associations between these factors and
immunization uptake.
Keywords :
Immunization Coverage, DTP1 Vaccine, Socioeconomic Disparities, Maternal Autonomy Cultural Determinants.