Authors : Arnold Capin Valleser; Dolly Ann Dela Cruz Caraca

Volume/Issue : Volume 9 - 2024, Issue 8 - August

---

Google Scholar : https://tinyurl.com/4xeh4t7a

Scribd : https://tinyurl.com/vwxbeuds

DOI : https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/IJISRT24AUG1405

Note : A published paper may take 4-5 working days from the publication date to appear in PlumX Metrics, Semantic Scholar, and ResearchGate.

---

Abstract : The effectiveness of neem tree leaf extract (NTLE) as defaunating agent was compared with sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS). Ten (10) sheep was used in the comparison of defaunating agents, the neem tree leaf extract was found to cause fluctuations in ruminal pH, similar to that of sodium lauryl sulphate, effectively reducing protozoal counts (from 296,000 cells/ml to 1,000 cells/ml) and increasing bacterial population (from 10,780 colony forming units/ml to 950,000 colony forming units /ml) in the rumen of sheep. It is therefore strongly advised to use neem tree extract as defaunating agents for sheep fed Napier grass to defaunated sheep in order to maximize food utilization and animal performance.

Keywords : Defaunation, Neem Tree, Rumen Protozoal, Rumen Bacterial.

References :

1. Lee Rinehart, 2008. Ruminant Nutrition for Graziers NCAT Agriculture       Specialist Published. ATTRA Publication #IP318
2. R.A. Leng, T.J. Kempton and J.V. Nolan (1977). Non-Protein Nitrogen and Bypass Proteins in Ruminant Diets, Austria Meat Research Committee Review, No. 33 1-28 Pp.
3. Simon Muchira, and Gathira Peter (2020). Application of Molecular Techniques to Overcome Challenges of Ruminant Nutrition in the Tropics. Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University.  Chromeextension://Efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/Https://Pure.Aber.Ac.Uk/Ws/Portalfiles/Portal/42133694/Muchira_Simon_Peter_Gathira.Pdf
4. M. Eugene,  H. Archimede, B. Michalet-Doreau and G. Fonty (2004). Effect of Defaunation on Microbial Activities in The Rumen of Rams Consuming A Mixed Diet (Fresh Digitaria Decumbens Grass And Concentrates.
5. Schwab, Charles G. And Broderick, Glen A.  2017. A 100-Year Review: Protein and Amino Acid Nutrition in Dairy Cows, Journal of Dairy Science, Volume 100, Issue 12, 2017, Pages 10094-10112, ISSN 0022-0302Https://Doi.Org/10.3168/Jds.2017-13320. Https://Www.Sciencedirect.Com/Science/Article/Pii/S0022030217310469)
6. J.P. Jouany (1996). Effect of Rumen Protozoa on Nitrogen Utilization by    Ruminants. J. Nutr., 126: 1335-1346.
7. F.N. Owens, and M. Basalan (2016). Ruminal Fermentation. In: Millen, D., De Beni Arrigoni, M., Lauritano Pacheco, R. (Eds) Rumenology. Springer, Cham. Https://Doi.Org/10.1007/978-3-319-30533-2_3
8. R. E. Hungate (1966). Rumen and its Microbes, Academic Press, Washington            DC.
9. G.S. Coleman (1975). The interrelationship between rumen ciliate protozo and          bacteria. In: Digestion and Metabolism in the Ruminant (McDonald, I.W & Warner, A. C. I., eds.), pp.149-164. University of New England Publishing              Unit, Armidale, Australia.
10. A. Santra and S.A. Karim and O.H. Chaturvedi (2007). Rumen Enzyme Profile and Fermentation Characteristics in Sheep as Affected by Treatment with Sodium Lauryl Sulfate As Defaunating Agent and Presence Of Ciliate Protozoa, Small Ruminant Research, Volume 67, Issues 2–3, 2007, Pages 126-137, Issn 0921-4488,Https://Doi.Org/10.1016/J.Smallrumres.2005.08.028. Https://Www.Sciencedirect.Com/Science/Article/Pii/S0921448805004281)
11. A. Santra and S.A. Karim (2000). Growth Performance of Faunated and     Defaunated Malpura Weaner Lambs. Anim. Feed Scie. Technol. 86,251-        260.
12. G.E. Briceno Monforte, S. Sandoval Castro, Leal Capetillo and Avules Ramlrez (2005). Tropical Forage Trees with Potential Defaunating Capacity.  In:  annual Meeting of the British Society of Animal Science, York, 2005. Proceedings. Penicuik: BSAS, P.220.
13. S.K. Serohi, N. Pandey, N. Goel, M. Singh, M. Mohini, P. Pandey and P. Chaudhry (2009). Microbial Activity and Ruminal Methanogenesis as Affected by Plant Secondary Metabolites in Different Plant Extracts. International Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering 1: 52-58.
14. N. Teferedegne (2000). New Perspectives On the Use of Tropical Plants to Improve Nutrition. Proceedings of The Nutrition Society.59:209-214.
15. A.K. Patra,  D.N. Kamra  and N. Agarwal  (2006). Effects of Plant Extracts on In Vitro Methanogenesis, Enzyme Activities, And Fermentation of Feed In Rumen Liduor af Buffalo. Animal Feed Science and Technology 128:276-291.
16. A.L. Tekeli, Celik and Kutlu, (2007).Planrt Extracts; a New Rumen Moderator in Rumen Diets
17. T.R. Chauhan, A.S. Umang, S.S. Dahiya, V.B. Dixit, and D. Lall  (2004). Neem Leaves as defaunating agent in the diet of buffalo bull calves fed with sorghum straw on basal diet. Proceedings of            7^th world buffalo congress, Central Institute for research of buffalo, Sirsa, Rd, Hisar., pp. 343.
18. A. Santra and S.A. Karim (2002). Nutrient Utilization and Growth Performance of Defaunated and Faunated Lambs Maintained on Complete Diets Containing Varying Proportion of Roughagr and Concentrate. Elsevier, Ani. Scie. And Tech., 101: 87- 99.
19. L.C. Bestil, (1985). Supplementation of Ca(OH)_2-treated wheat for sheep. M.S. Thesis. School of Agric. and Forestry. The Univ. of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
20. P. Ankrah, Loerch, S.C., Kampman, K.A. And B.A. Dehority (1990b). Effects of defaunation on in situ dry matter and nitrogen disappearance in steers and growth of lambs. J. Anim. Sci. 68: 3330-3336.
21. J.P. Jouany, B., Zainab, J. Senaud, C. A. Groliere, J. Grain, and P. Thivend (1981). Role of Rumen Ciliate Protozoa Polyplastron Multivesiculatum, Entodinium Sp. and Isotricha Prostoma in the Digestion of Mixed Diet in Sheep Reproduction, Nutrition, Development 21: 874-884.
22. J. B. Rowe, A. Davies and A.W.J. Broome (1985). Quan­titative Effects of Defaunation on Rumen Fermentation and Digestion in The Sheep. British Journal of Nutrition 54,105-119.
23. A. Santra, D. N. Kamra and N. N. Pathak (1994). Effect of Defaunation On Nutrient Digestibility and Growth of Murrah Buffalo (Bubalus Bubalis) Calves. Int. J. Anim. Sci., 9, 185–187.
24. M.D. Benge (1986). Neem: The cornucopia tree, s7t/fenr agro-forestation technical series no. 5, rm 515-d, dA18, agency for international development, Washington, DC.
25. B. J. Shriver, W.H. Hoover, R.J.Jr. Sargent, Sargent, Crawford and W V. Thayne, (1986).  Fermentation of A High Concentrate Diet as Affected by Ruminal Ph and Digesta Flow J. Dairy Sci., 69:413-8.
26. A. Santra, D. N. Kamra and N. N. Pathak (1995).  Influence of Ciliate Protozoa On Biochemical Changes and Hydrolytic Enymes in The Rumen of Buffalo (Bubales Bubalis). Buffalo. 12:95-100.
27. T.G. Nagaraja, G. Towne, and A.B. Beharka (1990). moderation of Ruminal Fermentation oy Protozoa in Cattle Fed High Grain Diets. Cattle’s Day Report of Progress 5692. Pp 16-18. Agric. Exp. Sta., Kansan State Univ. Manhattan.
28. A.A. Biu S.D Yusufu, J.S. Rabo (2009). Phytochemical Screening of Azadirachta indica (Neem) (Meliaceae) in Maiduguri, Nigeria. Bioscience Research Communications 21: 281-283
29. M. Sarwar, S. Mahmood, M. Un-Nisa and M. Qamar Bilal (1999).                 Factors Affecting Digestibility of Feeds in Ruminants. In’l J. of Agri and               Bio. 4:366-72.
30. Gabriella Varga, And S. Kolver Eric (1997). Microbial and Animal Limitations to Fiber Digestion and Utilization. Dept. of Dairy and Ani. Scie., Penssylvania State University, University Park. JN Conference: New Developments in Forage Science Contributing to Enhanced Fiber Utilization by Ruminants. American Society for Nutritional Sciences. 819-823 Pp.
31. Vioara Miresan, Raducu Camelia and Gh. Stetca (2006). The effect of Ruminal Defaunation in Establishing the Role of the Infusores in Ruminal Physiology. Buletinul USAMV-CN, 63/2006 (88-92) ISSN 1454-2382.
32. Y. Kurihara, T. Takechi, and F. Shibata, (1978). Relationship Between Bacteria and Ciliate Protozoa In the Rumen of Sheep Fed on a Purified Diet. Ournal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge 90:373-381.
33. D.N. Kamra (2005). Rumen Microbial Ecosystem in: Special Section Microbial Diversity. Current Sci., 89 (1): 124-135.  E- Mail: [email protected].