Authors :
Folayemi Faith Adekola; Oyebode Aduragbemi; Elizabeth Oluwakemi Grillo; Olufunke Olubukola Ayennakin; Oludele Awodele
Volume/Issue :
Volume 11 - 2026, Issue 7 - July
Google Scholar :
https://tinyurl.com/39bdkvad
Scribd :
https://tinyurl.com/yppbv8dp
DOI :
https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/26jul1130
Note : A published paper may take 4-5
working days from the publication date to appear in PlumX Metrics, Semantic Scholar, and
ResearchGate.
Abstract :
nfertility and menopause are two major interconnected challenges in women reproductive health. They are linked
through ovarian ageing, endocrine changes and the progressive reduction in reproductive capacity, although infertility may also
arise from causes unrelated to menopausal transition. This study is conceptually grounded in the application of dual-target
machine learning models to improve the prediction of infertility risk and menopause transition. Most existing systems are singletarget models that focus on predicting one outcome at a time. They predicted either infertility or menopause. This limits their
ability to capture shared biological patterns and reduces the potential for integrated reproductive health analysis.
The dual-target machine learning approach addresses this gap by predicting infertility risk and menopause stage
simultaneously from shared reproductive health data. This enables the model to learn common patterns associated with
reproductive ageing and may improve predictive efficiency and clinical relevance.
The study highlights the importance of dual-target modelling in supporting early risk identification, improving clinical
decision-making and enhancing more personalised reproductive healthcare. It is particularly relevant in resource-limited
settings where delayed diagnosis and fragmented health data are common. It advances the development of integrated
reproductive intelligent systems for improved women's health outcomes.
Keywords :
Infertility, Menopause, Single-Target Models, Dual-Target Models, Intelligent Systems
References :
- Abdelsamie, M. M., et al. (2026). Deep multi-task learning: A review of concepts, methods, and cross-domain applications. International Journal of Data Science and Analytics. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41060-025-00892-y
- Adekola, F. F., Awodele, O., & Kuyoro, F. O. (2024). Ensemble model for the prediction of women infertility. American Journal of Computer Sciences and Applications, 37(3).
- Agirsoy, M., & Oehlschlaeger, M. A. (2026). Development of an explainable machine learning model to predict live birth versus miscarriage among in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer pregnancies. Journal of Medical Artificial Intelligence, 9.
- Alattal, D., Khoshravan Azar, A., Myles, P., Branson, R., Abdulhussein, H., & Tucker, A. (2025). Integrating explainable AI in medical devices: Technical, clinical and regulatory insights and recommendations. arXiv. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2505.06620
- Alhumaidi, N. H., Dermawan, D., Kamaruzaman, H. F., & Alotaiq, N. (2025). The use of machine learning for analyzing real-world data in disease prediction and management: Systematic review. JMIR Medical Informatics, 13, e68898. https://doi.org/10.2196/68898
- AlSaad, R., Abusarhan, L., Odeh, N., Abd-Alrazaq, A., Choucair, F., Zegour, R., Ahmed, A., Aziz, S., & Sheikh, J. (2025). Deep learning applications for human embryo assessment using time-lapse imaging: Scoping review. Frontiers in Reproductive Health, 7, 1549642. https://doi.org/10.3389/frph.2025.1549642
- Alson, S., et al. (2026). Machine learning prediction of live birth after IVF using the revised Morphological Uterus Sonographic Assessment features of adenomyosis. Scientific Reports. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-31013-1
- Ang, S. B. (2025). Preparing for the future: Artificial intelligence in menopause and post-reproductive health management. Climacteric. https://doi.org/10.1080/13697137.2025.2469476
- Bereczki, K., Bukva, M., Vedelek, V., Nádasdi, B., Kozinszky, Z., Sinka, R., Bereczki, C., Vágvölgyi, A., & Zádori, J. (2025). Machine learning-based prediction of IVF outcomes: The central role of female preprocedural factors. Biomedicines, 13(11), 2768. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13112768
- Cohen, J., Silvestri, G., Paredes, O., et al. (2025). Artificial intelligence in assisted reproductive technology: Separating the dream from reality. Reproductive BioMedicine Online, 50(4), 104855. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rbmo.2025.104855
- Dai, J. (2025). Artificial intelligence for medicine 2025: Navigating the future of healthcare intelligence. The Innovation Medicine. https://doi.org/10.59717/j.xinn-med.2025.100120
- De la Torre, K., et al. (2025). The application of preventive medicine in the future digital age. Journal of Medical Internet Research. https://doi.org/10.2196/59165
- Dehghan, S., Moghaddasi, H., Rabiei, R., Choobineh, H., Maghooli, K., & Vahidi-Asl, M. (2025). Machine learning in predicting infertility treatment success: A systematic literature review of techniques. Journal of Education and Health Promotion, 14, 103. https://doi.org/10.4103/jehp.jehp_1798_23
- Delanerolle, G., et al. (2026). A scoping review on the use of artificial intelligence in women’s health. BMC Women’s Health.
- Findikli, N., Houba, C., Pening, D., & Delbaere, A. (2025). The role of artificial intelligence in female infertility diagnosis: An update. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 14(9), 3127. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14093127
- Food and Drug Administration. (2025). Artificial intelligence-enabled device software functions: Lifecycle management and marketing submission recommendations.
- Funnell, E. L., et al. (2025). Understanding experiences of and unmet needs in online searches for menopause information: A UK-wide exploratory survey. JMIR Formative Research, e75335. https://doi.org/10.2196/75335
- Gao, Q., et al. (2026). Multimodal intelligent prediction model for in vitro fertilization. npj Digital Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-025-02331-5
- Garg, A., & Seifer, D. B. (2026). The potential, perils and pitfalls of artificial intelligence in assisted reproductive technologies. Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology, 24, 36. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12958-026-01542-z
- Grace, B., Wise, L. A., Nieroda, M., & Egbunike, J. (2025). Digital health technologies to transform women’s health innovation and inclusive research. BMJ, 391, e085682. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj-2025-085682
- Guo, Z., et al. (2025). Precision pharmacology in menopause: Advances, challenges and future directions. Frontiers in Reproductive Health, 7, 1694240. https://doi.org/10.3389/frph.2025.1694240
- Hanassab, S., Abbara, A., Yeung, A. C., et al. (2025). Explainable artificial intelligence to identify follicles that will respond to trigger during ovarian stimulation. Nature Communications. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-55301-y
- Hassan, M., Jameel, M., Wang, T., & Bashir, M. (2025). Unveiling privacy and security gaps in female health apps. arXiv. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2502.02749
- Kakkar, P., Gupta, S., Paschopoulou, K. I., Paschopoulos, I., Siafaka, V., & Tsonis, O. (2025). The integration of artificial intelligence in assisted reproduction: A comprehensive review. Frontiers in Reproductive Health, 7, 1520919. https://doi.org/10.3389/frph.2025.1520919
- Kaveh, S., et al. (2025). Investigating artificial intelligence in predicting and evaluating embryo development using time-lapse imaging. Reproductive Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44163-025-00420-8
- Kritsotaki, N., et al. (2026). Explainable artificial intelligence in assisted reproductive technologies. Biomedicines, 14(5), 1024. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines14051024
- Li, H., et al. (2026). Machine learning-based prediction of IVF/ICSI outcomes in couples with male factor infertility. Frontiers in Endocrinology. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2026.1772106
- Linder, N., et al. (2025). AI-supported diagnostic innovations for impact in global women’s health. BMJ, 391, e086009. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj-2025-086009
- Macedonia, C. (2025). AI-driven advances in women’s health diagnostics: Current applications and future directions. Diagnostics, 15(23), 3076. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics15233076
- Mendizabal-Ruiz, G., et al. (2025). The future use of AI to improve accessibility of assisted reproductive technology in low- and middle-income countries. Reproduction and Fertility, 6(3).
- Mengistu, S., Tamrat, T., Betran, A.-P., Pirsch, S., Ferretti, A., Mburu, G., et al. (2025). The use of artificial intelligence in sexual and reproductive health: A comprehensive scoping review. npj Women’s Health, 3, 70. https://doi.org/10.1038/s44294-025-00118-3
- Miao, H., Liu, S., Wang, Z., Ke, Y., Cheng, L., Yu, W., et al. (2025). Artificial intelligence-derived retinal age gap as a marker for reproductive aging in women. npj Digital Medicine, 8, 367. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-025-01699-8
- Mina, A., et al. (2025). Predicting pregnancy outcomes in IVF cycles: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Middle East Fertility Society Journal. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40834-025-00400-4
- Moreno-Sánchez, P. A., Del Ser, J., van Gils, M., & Hernesniemi, J. (2026). A design framework for operationalizing trustworthy artificial intelligence in healthcare: Requirements, tradeoffs and challenges for its clinical adoption. Information Fusion, 127, 103812. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inffus.2025.103812
- Orovou, E., et al. (2025). Artificial intelligence in assisted reproductive technology: A new era in fertility treatment. Cureus.
- Ouyang, X., & Wei, J. (2025). Multi-modal artificial intelligence of embryo grading and pregnancy prediction in assisted reproductive technology: A review. arXiv. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2505.20306
- Panjwani, G. A. R., Maddukuri, S., Ansari, R. A., Jain, S., Chavan, M., Gogula, N. S. A. R., et al. (2025). Artificial intelligence in postmenopausal health: From risk prediction to holistic care. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 14(21), 7651. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14217651
- Pridham, G., Hayut, Y., Lavi-Shoseyov, N., Neeman, M., Hovav, N., Toledano, Y., & Alon, U. (2025). Dynamics of menopause from deconvolution of millions of lab tests. arXiv. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2511.05906
- Rațiu, A., et al. (2026). Machine learning in clinical decision making: Applications, data limitations and multidisciplinary perspectives. Applied Sciences, 16(2), 785. https://doi.org/10.3390/app16020785
- Rittenberg, E., Gross, C. P., Wong, M., & Inouye, S. K. (2025). Women’s health and artificial intelligence. JAMA Internal Medicine, 185(12), 1421–1422. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2025.4908
- Sajjadi, H., Choobineh, H., & Safdari, R. (2025). Presenting a conceptual model for decision support systems in infertility: A developmental study. International Journal of Reproductive BioMedicine, 23(10), 827–842. https://doi.org/10.18502/ijrm.v23i10.20316
- Salih, M., et al. (2025). Deep learning classification integrating embryo images and clinical data for pregnancy prediction in IVF. Scientific Reports. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-02076-x
- Shmatko, A., et al. (2025). Learning the natural history of human disease with generative transformers. Nature. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-025-09529-3
- Shoham, G., Alexandroni, H., Weissman, A., & Mizrachi, Y. (2025). Global trends in the use of artificial intelligence in reproductive medicine: Insights from surveys of international fertility specialists. Journal of IVF-Worldwide, 3(3), 33–44. https://doi.org/10.46989/001c.140673
- Shoham, Z. (2025). Artificial intelligence in reproductive medicine: Transforming assisted reproductive technologies. Journal of IVF-Worldwide, 3(2), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.46989/001c.137620
- Sounderajah, V., Guni, A., Liu, X., Collins, G. S., Karthikesalingam, A., Markar, S. R., et al. (2025). The STARD-AI reporting guideline for diagnostic accuracy studies using artificial intelligence. Nature Medicine, 31, 3283–3289. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-025-03953-8
- Tsai, H., et al. (2025). Multitask learning multimodal network for chronic disease prediction. Scientific Reports, 15, 99554. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-99554-z
- Tsonis, O., & Khlifa, N. (2025). Editorial: Artificial intelligence in assisted reproductive treatments. Frontiers in Reproductive Health, 7, 1704386. https://doi.org/10.3389/frph.2025.1704386
- World Health Organization. (2025). Infertility.
- World Health Organization. (2026). Artificial intelligence and evidence-informed policy: Emerging challenges and opportunities.
- World Health Organization. (2026). Digital interventions and innovations in sexual and reproductive health and research.
- Wu, Y. C., et al. (2025). Artificial intelligence and assisted reproductive technology: A comprehensive systematic review. Reproductive Medicine and Biology.
- Yadav, R., et al. (2026). AI-based live birth prediction in IVF cycles: A systematic review. Egyptian Journal of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43043-026-00334-0
- Yoon, H. K., et al. (2025). Multicenter validation of a scalable, interpretable, multitask prediction model for multiple clinical outcomes. npj Digital Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-025-01949-9
- Zhang, Q., Liang, X., & Chen, Z. (2025). A review of artificial intelligence applications in in vitro fertilization. Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics, 42(1), 3–14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10815-024-03284-6
- Zhao, X., Shen, X., Jia, F., He, X., Zhao, D., & Li, P. (2025). Using machine learning models to identify severe subjective cognitive decline and related factors in nurses during the menopause transition: A pilot study. Menopause, 32(4), 283–285. https://doi.org/10.1097/GME.0000000000002500
- Zhou, C., et al. (2025). Development and validation of questionnaire-based machine learning model for predicting early menopause. npj Women’s Health, 3, 49. https://doi.org/10.1038/s44294-025-00098-4
nfertility and menopause are two major interconnected challenges in women reproductive health. They are linked
through ovarian ageing, endocrine changes and the progressive reduction in reproductive capacity, although infertility may also
arise from causes unrelated to menopausal transition. This study is conceptually grounded in the application of dual-target
machine learning models to improve the prediction of infertility risk and menopause transition. Most existing systems are singletarget models that focus on predicting one outcome at a time. They predicted either infertility or menopause. This limits their
ability to capture shared biological patterns and reduces the potential for integrated reproductive health analysis.
The dual-target machine learning approach addresses this gap by predicting infertility risk and menopause stage
simultaneously from shared reproductive health data. This enables the model to learn common patterns associated with
reproductive ageing and may improve predictive efficiency and clinical relevance.
The study highlights the importance of dual-target modelling in supporting early risk identification, improving clinical
decision-making and enhancing more personalised reproductive healthcare. It is particularly relevant in resource-limited
settings where delayed diagnosis and fragmented health data are common. It advances the development of integrated
reproductive intelligent systems for improved women's health outcomes.
Keywords :
Infertility, Menopause, Single-Target Models, Dual-Target Models, Intelligent Systems