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Comparative Study of COVID-19 Infection and Mortality Trends in India, the United States and Brazil Using Statistical Analysis


Authors : Gaurav Bhabhar; Jeetesh Kumar Jain

Volume/Issue : Volume 11 - 2026, Issue 5 - May

Google Scholar : https://tinyurl.com/4rdyabmh

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DOI : https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/26May1223

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Abstract : A deadly respiratory illness known as COVID-19, triggered by a novel betacoronavirus designated SARS-CoV2, emerged unexpectedly in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China, towards the end of 2019. The pathogen demonstrated extraordinary transmission efficiency, crossing international borders within weeks and infecting tens of millions of individuals across every continent. Its swift propagation imposed an enormous burden on hospital networks, disrupted national economies, paralyzed education systems, and fundamentally altered everyday life worldwide. Among all affected nations, India, the United States of America, and Brazil endured particularly devastating consequences, accumulating the highest combined tallies of confirmed infections and fatality counts. The present review undertakes a rigorous cross-national examination of pandemic trajectories in these three countries, focusing on key epidemiological metrics including the volume of laboratory-confirmed infections, case fatality proportions, patient recovery percentages, diagnostic testing throughput, and immunization rollout progress. Quantitative data were drawn exclusively from authoritative open-access repositories — encompassing official intergovernmental bodies, national health ministries, and peer-reviewed epidemiological databases — and were subsequently processed and visualized through Microsoft Excel and Power BI analytical platforms. The investigation brings to light substantial divergences in how each nation approached pandemic containment, shaped by unique combinations of healthcare system capacity, legislative responses, demographic distribution, surveillance coverage, and civic engagement levels. Analytical findings consistently reveal that administrations which enacted prompt, coordinated countermeasures and sustained broad-based immunization efforts achieved comparatively superior outcomes in curtailing both severe disease incidence and overall mortality. The conclusions drawn from this work underscore the critical necessity of proactive healthcare readiness, rigorous real-time epidemiological surveillance, and sustained public engagement during large-scale disease emergencies. The evidence presented here is intended to inform and assist policymakers, public health administrators, and scientific communities as they refine frameworks for pandemic prevention, response coordination, and long-term health system strengthening.

Keywords : COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Comparative Analysis, Mortality Rate, Recovery Rate, Vaccination, Public Health, Epidemiology, Healthcare Infrastructure, Statistical Analysis.

References :

  1. World Health Organization (WHO), "Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Pandemic," 2020.
  2. WHO Weekly Epidemiological Updates, 2021.
  3. Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, COVID-19 Dashboard.
  4. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), COVID Data Tracker.
  5. Johns Hopkins University COVID-19 Data Repository.
  6. Kermack, W. O., and McKendrick, A. G., "A Contribution to the Mathematical Theory of Epidemics," 1927.
  7. Bailey, N. T. J., "The Mathematical Theory of Infectious Diseases," 1975.
  8. Our World in Data, Coronavirus Dataset.
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  10. Oxford University COVID-19 Government Response Tracker.
  11. Google COVID-19 Community Mobility Reports.
  12. Nature COVID-19 Research Collection.
  13. The Lancet COVID-19 Research Studies.
  14. UNICEF COVID-19 Resources.
  15. World Bank COVID-19 Data Repository.
  16. World Health Organization, "COVID-19 Weekly Epidemiological Update," 2021.
  17. Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, "COVID-19 Dashboard," Government of India, 2021.
  18. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, "COVID Data Tracker," 2021.
  19. Ministry of Health Brazil, "COVID-19 Data Portal," 2021.
  20. Kermack and McKendrick, "A Contribution to the Mathematical Theory of Epidemics," 1927.
  21. Norman T. J. Bailey, "The Mathematical Theory of Infectious Diseases," 1975.
  22. Johns Hopkins University, "COVID-19 Data Repository," 2021.
  23. Our World in Data, "Coronavirus Pandemic Dataset," 2021.
  24. Sharma, A., et al., "COVID-19 spread and control strategies: A global review," 2021.
  25. Worldometer (https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/)
  26. Our World in Data (https://ourworldindata.org/coronavirus/)
  27. COVID19INDIA (https://www.covid19india.org/)
  28. Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India (https://www.mohfw.gov.in/)
  29. COVID-19 Situation Report, WHO (https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/situation-reports)
  30. COVID-19 Data Repository by CSSE at Johns Hopkins University (https://github.com/CSSEGISandData/COVID-19)
  31. The COVID Tracking Project (https://covidtracking.com/)
  32. COVID-19 Data Repository, Brazilian Ministry of Health (https://opendatasus.saude.gov.br/dataset/covid-19)
  33. COVID-19 Data Repository by CDC (https://data.cdc.gov/Case-Surveillance/COVID-19-Case-Surveillance-Public-Use-Data-by-State-J)
  34. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/covid-19/data)
  35. United Nations COVID-19 Data Portal (https://data.un.org/)
  36. World Bank COVID-19 Data (https://data.worldbank.org/)
  37. Google COVID-19 Community Mobility Reports (https://www.google.com/covid19/mobility/)
  38. Apple Mobility Trends Reports (https://covid19.apple.com/mobility)
  39. UNICEF COVID-19 Resources (https://data.unicef.org/resources/)
  40. International Monetary Fund COVID-19 Economic Data (https://www.imf.org/en/Topics/imf-and-covid19)
  41. Oxford University COVID-19 Government Response Tracker (https://www.bsg.ox.ac.uk/research/research-projects/covid-19-government-response-tracker)
  42. Nature COVID-19 Research Articles (https://www.nature.com/collections/hajgidghjb)
  43. The Lancet COVID-19 Studies (https://www.thelancet.com/coronavirus)

A deadly respiratory illness known as COVID-19, triggered by a novel betacoronavirus designated SARS-CoV2, emerged unexpectedly in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China, towards the end of 2019. The pathogen demonstrated extraordinary transmission efficiency, crossing international borders within weeks and infecting tens of millions of individuals across every continent. Its swift propagation imposed an enormous burden on hospital networks, disrupted national economies, paralyzed education systems, and fundamentally altered everyday life worldwide. Among all affected nations, India, the United States of America, and Brazil endured particularly devastating consequences, accumulating the highest combined tallies of confirmed infections and fatality counts. The present review undertakes a rigorous cross-national examination of pandemic trajectories in these three countries, focusing on key epidemiological metrics including the volume of laboratory-confirmed infections, case fatality proportions, patient recovery percentages, diagnostic testing throughput, and immunization rollout progress. Quantitative data were drawn exclusively from authoritative open-access repositories — encompassing official intergovernmental bodies, national health ministries, and peer-reviewed epidemiological databases — and were subsequently processed and visualized through Microsoft Excel and Power BI analytical platforms. The investigation brings to light substantial divergences in how each nation approached pandemic containment, shaped by unique combinations of healthcare system capacity, legislative responses, demographic distribution, surveillance coverage, and civic engagement levels. Analytical findings consistently reveal that administrations which enacted prompt, coordinated countermeasures and sustained broad-based immunization efforts achieved comparatively superior outcomes in curtailing both severe disease incidence and overall mortality. The conclusions drawn from this work underscore the critical necessity of proactive healthcare readiness, rigorous real-time epidemiological surveillance, and sustained public engagement during large-scale disease emergencies. The evidence presented here is intended to inform and assist policymakers, public health administrators, and scientific communities as they refine frameworks for pandemic prevention, response coordination, and long-term health system strengthening.

Keywords : COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Comparative Analysis, Mortality Rate, Recovery Rate, Vaccination, Public Health, Epidemiology, Healthcare Infrastructure, Statistical Analysis.

Paper Submission Last Date
30 - June - 2026

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