Authors : Aarthy P. R.; Viniesh C.; Dr. Saravanan K.; Dr. Anvar Ali A.

Volume/Issue : Volume 11 - 2026, Issue 8 - August

Google Scholar : https://tinyurl.com/ykw5n6by

DOI : https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/26aug1182

Note : A published paper may take 4-5 working days from the publication date to appear in PlumX Metrics, Semantic Scholar, and ResearchGate.

Abstract : ackground: Diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) is a serious diabetic complication that often leads to prolonged hospitalization, increased morbidity, and lower limb amputation. It is essential to identify and manage the risk factors associated with the condition.  Aim: To assess the prevalence and management of associated risk factors of DFU in a tertiary care teaching hospital.  Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted in the Department of Surgery, Government Medical College and Hospital, Cuddalore from December 2024 to May 2025. Sixty patients diagnosed with DFU were included in the study based on the eligibility criteria. The study gathered information on the prevalence and management of associated risk factors and analyzed the correlation between patient demographics, clinical presentation, laboratory investigations, and treatment outcomes. The data were analyzed using a structured proforma, and the severity of the ulcer was categorized using the Meggitt–Wagner classification. Descriptive, inferential, and multivariate logistic regression statistical tests were employed to reveal associations and risk factors.

Keywords : Diabetic Foot Ulcer, Diabetes Mellitus, Risk Factors, Wound Healing, Meggitt-Wagner Classification, Glycemic Control.

References :

1. International Diabetes Federation. IDF Diabetes Atlas, 10th ed. Brussels: IDF; 2021.
2. Mohammad Zubair, Abida Malik, Jamal Ahmad. Incidence, risk factors for amputation among patients with diabetic foot ulcer in a North Indian tertiary care hospital. The Foot Volume 22, Issue 1, March 2012, Pages 24-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foot.2011.09.003.
3. Leila Yazdanpanaha, Hajieh Shahbaziana, Iraj Nazarib, Hamid Reza Artic, Fatemeh Ahmadid, Seyed Ehsan Mohammadianinejade, Bahman Cheraghianf, Seyed Mahmoud Latifif. Prevalence and related risk factors of diabetic foot ulcer in Ahvaz, southwest of Iran. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2018.03.018.
4. P.N. Nyamu, C.F. Otieno, E.O. Amayo and S.O. Mcligeyo. Risk factors and prevalence of diabetic foot ulcers at Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi. East African Medical Journal Vol. 80 No. 1 January 2003.
5. Andrew E. Edo, Gloria O. Edo, Ignatius U. Ezeani. Risk factors, ulcer grade and management outcome of diabetic foot ulcers in a Tropical Tertiary Care Hospital. Nigerian Medical Journal, Vol. 54, Issue 1, January-February 2013.
6. Pengzi Zhang, Jing Lu, Yali Jing, Sunyinyan Tang, Dalong Zhu & Yan Bi (2017) Global epidemiology of diabetic foot ulceration: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Annals of Medicine, 49:2, 106-116. DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2016.1231932.
7. Imran Ali Shaikh, Naila Masood Sddiqui and Javeria Hameed Shaikh.Diabetic Foot Ulcer:An Easy and Comprehensive Approach. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92585.
8. Zhang P, et al. Global epidemiology of diabetic foot ulceration. Ann Med. 2017;49(2):106–16.
9. Shahi SK, et al. Prevalence and risk factors of diabetic foot in India. J Family Med Prim Care. 2022;11:765–70.
10. Patrick Highton, Abdullah Almaqhawi, Maroria Oroko, Harini Sathanapally, Laura Gray, Melanie Davies, David Webb, Frances Game, John Petrie, Solomon Tesfaye, Jonathan Valabhji, Clare Gillies, Kamlesh Khunti. Non-pharmacological interventions to improve cardiovascular risk factors in people with diabetic foot disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2024.111590.
11. Wang X, Yuan CX, Xu B, Yu Z. Diabetic foot ulcers: Classification, risk factors and management. World J Diabetes 2022; 13(12): 1049-1065.
12. Fahrun Nur Rosyid. Etiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis and management of diabetics’ Foot ulcer. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20174548.
13. Zubair M. Prevalence and interrelationships of foot ulcer, risk-factors and antibiotic Resistance in foot ulcers in diabetic populations: A systematic review and meta-analysis. World J Diabetes 2020; 11(3): 78-89. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4239/wjd.v11.i3.78.
14. Kurian SJ, Baral T, Unnikrishnan MK, Benson R, Munisamy M, Saravu K, Rodrigues GS, Rao M, Kumar A and Miraj SS (2023) The association between Micronutrient levels and diabetic Foot ulcer: A systematic review With meta-analysis. Front. Endocrinol. 14:1152854. Doi: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1152854.
15. Tesfamichael G. Mariam, Abebaw Alemayehu, Eleni Tesfaye, Worku Mequannt, Kiber Temesgen, Fisseha Yetwaleand Miteku Andualem Limenih. Prevalence of Diabetic Foot Ulcer and Associated Factors among Adult Diabetic Patients Who Attend the Diabetic Follow-Up Clinic at the University of Gondar Referral Hospital, North West Ethiopia, 2016: Institutional-Based Cross-Sectional Study. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/2879249.
16. Tadesse Tolossa, Belayneh Mengist, Diriba Mulisa, Getahun Fetensa, Ebisa Turi and Amanuel Abajobir. Prevalence and associated factors of foot Ulcer among diabetic patients in Ethiopia: a Systematic review and meta-analysis. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-8133-y.
17. Azharuddin SK, Vijayakumar C, Nelson T, Balasubramanian G, Kumar NR, Singh R. A study on prevalence, profile, and risk factors of developing fungal infection in patients with diabetic foot ulcer. Wound Manag Prev. 2023 Sep;69(3):11-17. Doi: 10.25270/wmp.22076. PMID: 38055621.
18. Fatma Al-Maskari and Mohammed El-Sadig. Prevalence of risk factors for diabetic foot complications.doi:10.1186/1471-2296-8-59.
19. Shailesh K. Shahi, Ashok Kumar, Sushil Kumar, Surya K Singh, Sanjeev K. Gupta, T.B Singh. Prevalence of Diabetic Foot Ulcer and Associated Risk Factors in Diabetic Patients from North India. The Journal of Diabetic Foot Complications 2012; Volume 4, Issue 3, No. 4, Pages 83-91.
20. Fizza Hussain, Momina Shabbir, Salma Bunyad, Feryal Arshad, Muhammad Kashif, Jaweria Siddique. Diabetic Foot Ulcers: Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors Among Diabetic Patients: Diabetic Foot Ulcers. Pakistan Journal of Health Sciences, 86-90, 2022.
21. Assefa Tola, Lemma Demissie Regassa, Yohanes Ayele. Prevalence and associated factors of diabetic foot ulcers among type 2 diabetic patients attending chronic follow-up clinics at governmental hospitals of Harari Region, Eastern Ethiopia: A 5-year (2013–2017) retrospective study. SAGE Open Medicine Volume 9: 1–9. DOI: 10.1177/2050312120987385.
22. Saira Saleem, Nazim Hayat, Irshad Ahmad, Tanvir Ahmad, Abdulgaffar Rehan (2017). Risk factors associated with poor outcome in diabetic foot ulcer patients, Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences: Vol. 47: No. 3, Article 17. https://doi.org/10.3906/sag-1602-119.
23. Banik PC, Barua L, Moniruzzaman M, et al. Risk of diabetic foot ulcer and its associated factors among Bangladeshi subjects: a multicentric cross- sectional study. BMJ Open 2020;10: e034058. doi:10.1136/ bmjopen-2019-034058.
24. Firomsa Bekele, Legese Chelkeba, Ginenus Fekadu, Kumera Bekele, Risk factors and outcomes of diabetic foot ulcer among diabetes mellitus patients admitted to Nekemte referral hospital, western Ethiopia: Prospective observational study, Annals of Medicine and Surgery, Volume 51, 2020, Pages 17- 23, ISSN 2049-0801, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amsu.2020.01.005.
25. Yekta, Z., Pourali, R., Nezhadrahim, R., Ravanyar, L., & Ghasemi-rad, M. (2011). Clinical and behavioural factors associated with management outcome in hospitalized patients with diabetic foot ulcer. Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity, 4, 371–375. https://doi.org/10.2147/DMSO.S25309.