Authors : Osman Elmakki

Volume/Issue : Volume 9 - 2024, Issue 12 - December

Google Scholar : https://tinyurl.com/2um86hfn

Scribd : https://tinyurl.com/a79hxjb8

DOI : https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14546036

Abstract : Sudan is faced with a complex set of climate- induced challenges, socio-economic instability, and long- standing food insecurity that will require transformative agricultural solutions. Climate-Smart Agriculture appears to be one of the strategies to enhance agricultural productivity while strengthening community resilience and improving environmental sustainability. This study investigates the adoption of CSA practices such as agroforestry, drought-resistant crops, and efficient water management tailored to Sudan's arid and semi-arid landscapes. The approach integrates traditional knowledge with modern innovations, addresses gender disparities, and enhances livelihoods to reinforce the socio-economic fabric of rural communities. The research takes a multidisciplinary approach by analyzing case studies from diverse Sudanese regions that show the multifaceted benefits of CSA. Evidence from initiatives such as community seed banks, integrated water-saving technologies, and crop diversification underlines the contribution of CSA in mitigating the impacts of climate variability, resource-based conflicts, and food insecurity. The study calls for empowering women in agriculture by emphasizing their critical role in the production of food and resilient households and by advocating for gender-sensitive approaches to CSA implementation. The study also analyzes the socio-economic aspects of CSA, such as diversifying sources of income, enhancing household nutrition, and engendering social cohesion. It further underlines the role of CSA in preserving local biodiversity and foments peace through the cooperative management of resources, especially in conflict-prone areas such as Darfur. The findings advocate for a multi-stakeholder approach, urging collaboration between government agencies, NGOs, international organizations, and local communities to enhance CSA's scalability and effectiveness. The policy recommendations now range from systemic barriers to access finance, land tenure insecurity, and inadequate agricultural extension services. The research calls for increased investment in capacity building, infrastructure development, and participatory frameworks towards inclusive and sustainable agricultural practices. This study underlines the transformative potential of CSA towards the building of sustainable and resilient food systems through evidence-based interventions amidst the socio- environmental challenges facing Sudan. By integrating CSA within broader development frameworks, Sudan can address its humanitarian crises while achieving food security coupled with environmental balance and equitable growth, hence making a strong contribution to global climate adaptation and sustainable development goals.

Keywords : Climate-Smart Agriculture, Sudan, Food Security, Sustainability, Resilience,

References :

1. Abdullahi, A.M., Kalengyo, R.B., and Warsame, A.A., 2024. The unmet demand of food security in East Africa: review of the triple challenges of climate change, economic crises, and conflicts. Discover Sustainability, 5(1), p.244.
2. Adamou, O.I., 2024. Adapting to Climate Risks in the Sahel: Strategies for Smallholder Farmers in Niger (Doctoral dissertation, Cornell University).
3. Afifi, J.I.N.I., 2024. Enhancing the Effectiveness of International Legal Frameworks on Food Security: Lessons From the World Food Programme’s Efforts (Master's thesis, Hamad Bin Khalifa University (Qatar)).
4. Africa, N., Africa Climate Security Risk Assessment.
5. Ahmed, M.M., Asowe, H.A., Dirie, N.I., Mohamud, A.K., Lucero-Prisno III, D.E., Okesanya, O.J., Ogaya, J.B., Musa, S.S., Musa, M.K., Othman, Z.K., and Shomuyiwa, D., 2024. The Nexus of Climate Change, Food Insecurity, and Conflict in Somalia: a Comprehensive Analysis of Multifaceted Challenges and Resilience Strategies. F1000Research, 13, p.913.
6. Ahmed, S.M., Dinnar, H.A., Ahmed, A.E., Elbushra, A.A., and Turk, K.G.B., 2024. A Deeper Understanding of Climate Variability Improves Mitigation Efforts, Climate Services, Food Security, and Development Initiatives in Sub-Saharan Africa. Climate, 12(12), p.206.
7. Akinsemolu, A.A., Onyeaka, H.N., and Tamasiga, P., 2024. Climate‐smart agriculture as a possible solution to mitigate climate change impact on food security in Sub‐Saharan Africa. Food and Energy Security, 13(1), e509.
8. Al Sharjabi, S.J., Al Jawaldeh, A., El Hajj Hassan, O., and Dureab, F., 2024. Understanding the Food and Nutrition Insecurity Drivers in Some Emergency-Affected Countries in the Eastern Mediterranean Region from 2020 to 2024. Nutrients, 16(22), p.3853.
9. Akinsemolu, A.A., Onyeaka, H.N., and Tamasiga, P., 2024. Climate‐smart agriculture as a possible solution to mitigate climate change impact on food security in Sub‐Saharan Africa. Food and Energy Security, 13(1), e509. (Note: This reference was mistakenly included earlier, but it was not counted as a missing one)
10. Babu, S.C., 2024. Climate smart agriculture and food systems that reduce poverty and hunger.
11. Baig, S., 2024. Food and Water Security Through Climate-Smart Agriculture in Asia and Africa. In Climate-Smart and Resilient Food Systems and Security, pp. 171-195. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland.
12. Baig, S., 2024. Impacts of Climate Change on Water and Food Security in River Basins: The Need for Climate-Smart Agriculture. In Handbook of Climate Change Impacts on River Basin Management, pp. 342-355. CRC Press.
13. Bhutto, A.W., Karim, S., and Bazmi, A.A., 2024. Integrating Climate-Smart Agriculture and the Water, Energy, and Food Nexus Approach to Address Sustainability Challenges Under a Changing Climate. In Climate-Smart and Resilient Food Systems and Security, pp. 155-170. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland.
14. CANÁRIO, M., SINGH, P., KIKHIA, R., and ROY, T., 2024. The Humanitarian, Development and Peace Nexus: From Paradigm to Practice.
15. Dampha, N.K., Jones, L., and Tall, A., Unlocking Climate Finance in Fragile and Conflict-Affected Settings in East Africa.
16. Dawadia, P., and Pantb, J., Opportunities and Challenges of Climate Smart Agriculture in Baitadi District.
17. Defe, R., and Matsa, M., 2024. The significance of stakeholder engagement towards building sustainable climate-smart villages in Mwenezi District. Environmental Challenges, 14, p.100855.
18. Debela, C.M., Aweke, C.S., and Tefera, T.L., 2024. Farmers' resilience to climate variability and perceptions towards adoption of climate-smart agricultural practices: Evidence from Kersa district, East Hararghe of Ethiopia. Environment, Development and Sustainability, pp. 1-19.
19. Ghanem, H., Ehui, S., Omamo, S.W., and Jenane, C., 2024. 8 Climate Change and Food Security. Climate Change and Sustainable Agro-ecology in Global Drylands, p.161.
20. Ghanem, H., Ehui, S., Omamo, S.W., and Jenane, C., 2024. Climate Change and Food Security in Africa’s Drylands. In Climate Change and Sustainable Agro-ecology in Global Drylands, pp. 161-185. GB: CABI.
21. Gowdhaman, P., 2024. Adaptation to Progressive Climate Change, Technology Development, Agricultural Practices. Dr. KL Chaudhary, p.207.
22. Khalil, A.H., and Thompson, S., 2024. Climate Change, Food Security, and Agricultural Extension in Yemen. Journal of Rural and Community Development, 19(3).
23. Komal, N., Zaman, Q.U., Pantera, A., Yasin, G., Ashraf, K., Nazir, S., and Baig, M.B., 2024. Climate-Smart Agriculture: Potential Role in Carbon Sequestration and to Address Climate Change Under Irrigated Agro-Ecosystems. In Climate-Smart and Resilient Food Systems and Security, pp. 73-110. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland.
24. Mastrorillo, M., Scartozzi, C.M., Pacillo, G., Menza, G., Desai, B., Maviza, G., Jaskolski, M., Schapendonk, F., Meddings, G., Carneiro, B., and Craparo, A., 2024. Towards a common vision for climate change, security, and migration in the Mediterranean.
25. Moro, L.N., and Deng A.T., 2024. Key Considerations: Alleviating Chronic Food Insecurity in South Sudan.
26. Mpala, T.A., and Simatele, M.D., 2024. Climate-smart agricultural practices among rural farmers in Masvingo district of Zimbabwe: Perspectives on the mitigation strategies to drought and water scarcity for improved crop production. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 7, p.1298908.
27. Mumararungu, I., Ca-Madeberi Ya-Bititi, G., Rwirahira, J., and Burny, P., 2024. Food Security Resilience and Humanitarian Aid in Mali: A Case Study of Bandiagara Cercle. International Journal of Food Science.
28. Mwangi, S.W., 2024. Empowering Women in Refugee Camps through Sustainable Agriculture for Nutrition: A Case Study of Kakuma Refugee Camp in Kenya (Master's thesis, Norwegian University of Life Sciences).
29. Mmasa, J.J., 2024. Understanding Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Practices by Smallholder Farmers to Cope With Risks in Tanzania. In Advanced Geospatial Practices in Natural Environment Resource Management, pp. 189-213. IGI Global.
30. Omer, M.A., 2024. Climate variability and livelihood in Somaliland: A review of the impacts, gaps, and ways forward. Cogent Social Sciences, 10(1), p.2299108.
31. ONES, G., Middle East and North Africa Region's Climate Adaptation by Climate Finance: Vulnerability and Gender-Based Perspectives.
32. Prabex, S., Meena, H.R., Chander, M., Srikanth, V., and Saran, V., 2024. Extension Approaches and Advisory Services for Climate-Smart Livestock (CSL): An Overview. The Indian Journal of Veterinary Sciences and Biotechnology, 20(6), p.2.
33. Sankar-Gorton, L., Lubeck-Schricker, M., Hossain, R., Iwu, C.D., Hess, J., and Levin, C., 2024. The impact of climate change on public health in humanitarian settings. Gates Open Res, 8(71), p.71.
34. Tadesse, G., and Barry, N.Y., 2024. Adaptation actions to climate change in African agriculture: Effectiveness and challenges.
35. Tambol, T., Derbile, E.K., and Soulé, M., 2024. Use of Climate-Smart Agricultural Technologies in dry-season peri-urban agriculture in West Africa Sahel: A case study from Saga, Niger.
36. Wahab, B., Taiwo, O.J., Diallo, A.I.P., Bishoge, O.K., and Samoura, D.A., 2024. Small-scale Farmers’ Adoptions of Climate-smart Agricultural Practices in the Guinean Savanna’s Agroecological Zones. Journal of Agricultural Sciences – Sri Lanka, 19(1).
37. Wahlstedt, E., and Sulieman, H.M., Supporting conflict-resilient food systems in Sudan.