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Beyond Legislation: Assessing Law Enforcement Preparedness and Competency Gaps in Combating Female Genital Mutilation in Kenya


Authors : Dr. Amos Wanyoike Wairima

Volume/Issue : Volume 11 - 2026, Issue 5 - May


Google Scholar : https://tinyurl.com/5644w36b

Scribd : https://tinyurl.com/bp53st5z

DOI : https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/26May1904

Note : A published paper may take 4-5 working days from the publication date to appear in PlumX Metrics, Semantic Scholar, and ResearchGate.


Abstract : Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) remains a significant human rights and public health challenge in Kenya, despite the Prohibition of FGM Act (2011) and various national interventions. Law enforcement officers and National Government Administrative Officers (NGAO) are crucial in prevention, protection, investigation, prosecution, and community sensitization efforts. However, the continued prevalence of FGM suggests gaps in institutional preparedness and technical competencies among frontline officers. This study aimed to evaluate law enforcement preparedness and identify competency gaps regarding FGM in Kenya. A descriptive cross-sectional design employing a mixed-methods approach was conducted in seven counties: Isiolo, Tharaka Nithi, Marsabit, Garissa, Wajir, West Pokot, and Elgeyo Marakwet. A total of 201 respondents participated, consisting of police officers and NGAO. Data were collected using structured questionnaires and analyzed through descriptive statistics and thematic analysis. Findings revealed moderate preparedness among officers in addressing FGM-related cases, with the highest competency mean scores in investigative and prosecutorial functions (M = 3.40).

Keywords : Female Genital Mutilation, Law Enforcement, Competency.

References :

  1. Anti-FGM Board Kenya. (2020). National action plan for the elimination of female genital mutilation in Kenya (2020–2024).
  2. Berg, R. C., & Denison, E. (2013). A tradition in transition: Factors perpetuating and hindering the continuance of female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) summarized in a systematic review. Health Care for Women International, 34(10), 837–859.
  3. Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. 2nd ed. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  4. Constitution of Kenya. (2010). The Constitution of Kenya, 2010. Government Printer.
  5. Equality Now. (2021). The implementation of anti-FGM laws in Kenya: Challenges and opportunities.
  6. Inter-Parliamentary Union. (2010). Dakar declaration on the abandonment of female genital mutilation.
  7. Levin, K. A. (2006). Study design III: Cross-sectional studies. Evidence-Based Dentistry, 7(1), 24-25.
  8. Ministry of Public Service, Youth and Gender Affairs. (2019). Sessional Paper No. 3 of 2019 on the National Policy for the Eradication of Female Genital Mutilation. Government Printer.
  9. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). (2019). Gender equality and governance: Strengthening accountability for sustainable development.
  10. Republic of Kenya. (2011). Prohibition of Female Genital Mutilation Act, 2011. Government Printer.
  11. UNICEF. (2024). Female genital mutilation: A global concern.
  12. United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF). (2021).Changing harmful social norms to end female genital mutilation.
  13. United Nations Children’s Fund. (2024). Female genital mutilation: A global concern.
  14. United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). (2021). Gender equality in public administration.
  15. United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN Women). (2020). Gender mainstreaming in public institutions and law enforcement agencies
  16. United Nations General Assembly. (2012). Resolution 67/146: Intensifying global efforts for the elimination of female genital mutilations.
  17. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). (2019). Handbook on community policing and problem-solving approaches.
  18. United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA). (2019). Regional study on law enforcement responses to cross-border female genital mutilation in East Africa.
  19. United Nations Population Fund. (2019). Regional study on law enforcement responses to cross-border female genital mutilation in East Africa.
  20. United Nations Population Fund. (2020). FGM frequently asked questions.
  21. United Nations Population Fund. (2020). UNFPA–UNICEF Joint Programme on the Elimination of Female Genital Mutilation: Annual report 2020.
  22. United Nations. (2015). Transforming our world: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.
  23. Wairima, A.W., Mose, G.N., & N.Otiso, W. (2021) Governance Capabilities and Their Influence on Delivery of Constitutional Mandate Among Constitutional Commission’s in Kenya.
  24. World Health Organization. (2023). Female genital mutilation
  25. World Health Organization. (2024). Female genital mutilation.

Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) remains a significant human rights and public health challenge in Kenya, despite the Prohibition of FGM Act (2011) and various national interventions. Law enforcement officers and National Government Administrative Officers (NGAO) are crucial in prevention, protection, investigation, prosecution, and community sensitization efforts. However, the continued prevalence of FGM suggests gaps in institutional preparedness and technical competencies among frontline officers. This study aimed to evaluate law enforcement preparedness and identify competency gaps regarding FGM in Kenya. A descriptive cross-sectional design employing a mixed-methods approach was conducted in seven counties: Isiolo, Tharaka Nithi, Marsabit, Garissa, Wajir, West Pokot, and Elgeyo Marakwet. A total of 201 respondents participated, consisting of police officers and NGAO. Data were collected using structured questionnaires and analyzed through descriptive statistics and thematic analysis. Findings revealed moderate preparedness among officers in addressing FGM-related cases, with the highest competency mean scores in investigative and prosecutorial functions (M = 3.40).

Keywords : Female Genital Mutilation, Law Enforcement, Competency.

Paper Submission Last Date
30 - June - 2026

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