Authors : G. Sai Kumar; N. Akhil; B. Pavan; D. Karthikeya; R. Vardhan; M. Narendar; P. Ramesh; T. Akhilesh

Volume/Issue : Volume 11 - 2026, Issue 3 - March

Google Scholar : https://tinyurl.com/3tf94kbc

Scribd : https://tinyurl.com/4zchapp4

DOI : https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/26mar2085

Note : A published paper may take 4-5 working days from the publication date to appear in PlumX Metrics, Semantic Scholar, and ResearchGate.

Abstract : The transition to electric vehicles (EVs) has been largely propelled by ongoing advancements in battery technologies, which have profoundly shaped the automotive industry’s trajectory towards sustainability and reduced carbon emissions. This article presents a comprehensive study that traces the historical evolution of battery technologies used in EVs, beginning with early lead-acid batteries and moving through significant milestones such as nickel-cadmium (NiCd), nickel-metal hydride (NiMH), and the groundbreaking rise of lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries, which currently dominate the market. The discussion highlights key technological breakthroughs, the drivers behind material and design innovations, and the challenges each era faced, including limitations in energy density, weight, charging times, cost, and environmental impact. The analysis then shifts to current applications, examining how Li-ion batteries have enabled the production of commercially viable EVs with extended range, enhanced safety, and improved performance. It further explores ongoing research into solid-state batteries, lithium-sulfur, and other emerging chemistries that promise higher energy densities, longer lifespans, and enhanced safety profiles. The article also considers the role of battery management systems, advancements in fast-charging infrastructure, and the integration of second-life batteries for energy storage as critical components supporting the widespread adoption of EVs. Looking ahead, the abstract evaluates future prospects in battery technology, focusing on the pursuit of cost reduction, sustainable material sourcing, recycling solutions, and innovations that can meet the demands of a rapidly growing EV market. It underscores the challenges associated with scaling up production, addressing supply chain constraints, and ensuring environmental responsibility, while also emphasizing the potential for transformative technologies to reshape mobility and energy consumption patterns globally. Ultimately, the study provides a nuanced understanding of how past achievements and present innovations are shaping the trajectory of electric vehicles, offering insights into the technological, economic, and environmental factors that will define the future landscape of battery-powered transportation.

Keywords : Electric Vehicles, Lithium-Ion Batteries, Solid-State Batteries, Energy Density, EV Energy Storage, Battery Technology, Sustainable Transportation.

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