Assessment of Parasitic Contaminations of Commonly Consumed Vegetables Sold in Two Markets in Jos South L.G.A, Plateau State


Authors : Ozor Josephat Ejike; Amarachi Joy Nwankiti; Kinjir Hauwa; Aminu Musa; Fador Nimfa Geofrey; Orshio Augustina Dooshima; Nwapi Lucy Larrycarr; Idghri Monica Njideka; Jeremiah Pontim Dangnap; Agbo Florence Eleche

Volume/Issue : Volume 9 - 2024, Issue 5 - May

Google Scholar : https://tinyurl.com/4j8aahw2

Scribd : https://tinyurl.com/bdhzzxfc

DOI : https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/IJISRT24MAY323

PlumX Metrics

Semantic Scholar

ResearchGate

Note : A published paper may take 4-5 working days from the publication date to appear in PlumX Metrics, Semantic Scholar, and ResearchGate.

Abstract : Vegetables serves is a rich source of minerals and roughages that are essential for maintenance of good health and prevention of diseases but can as well serve as a source of parasitic pathogens to man. Intestinal parasites are known to cause significant morbidity and mortality worldwide particularly in underdeveloped countries such as Nigeria. The rate of consumption of raw and undercooked vegetable which can serve as a means of transmission of intestinal parasite to people is high especially in Jos. This study was to determine parasitic contamination of commonly consumed vegetables sold in two markets in Jos South LGA. A total of 260 samples of fresh vegetables; Tomato, Carrot, Lettuce, Cabbage and Spinach were purchased from vendors and examined for parasitic contamination using ordinary centrifugation method. Out of 260 samples examined, 215 (82.69%) were contaminated with at least one type of parasite. Strongyloides stercoralis, Entamoeba coli, Entamoeba histolytica, Ascaris lumbricoides, Hookworm, Giardia lamblia, Taenia species, Enterobius vermicularis, and Mite accounted for 72.02%, 13.10%, 6.15%, 3.97%, 3.77%, 0.40% and 0.20% respectively in this study. Lettuce, Spinach, Cabbage, Carrot and Tomatoes accounted for 28.13, 22.18%, 21.15%, 15.61%, and 12.94% respectively with overall parasitic prevalence of 82.69%. Strongyloides stercoralis is the most prevalent parasite seen while Taenia specie, Enterobius vermicularis, and Mite are the least parasites seen. Lettuce has the highest contamination rate of 137 (28.13%) followed by Spinach 108 (22.18%) while Tomatoes 63 (12.94%) had the least contamination. The findings of the study suggest that there is potential high risk of acquiring parasitic infection from consumption of raw and undercooked vegetables sold in Jos South LGA, Plateau State. There should be proper washing and cooking of these vegetables before consumption since they can serve as source of transmission of parasites to man when eaten raw or undercooked.

Keywords : Vegetables, Parasites, Ordinary Centrifugation Method, Two Markets, Jos South.

References :

  1. Abdullahi, H., (2021). Incidence of parasites on some raw eaten vegetables sold in Minna  markets Niger State, Nigeria. Pp1-36.
  2. Abougrain, A.K., Nahaisi, M.H., Madi, N.S., Saied, M.M., Ghenghesh, K.S., (2010). Parasitological contamination in salad vegetables in Tripoli-Libya, Iran food control. 21(5): 760-762.
  3. Adanir, R., & Tasci, F., (2013). Prevalence of helminth eggs in raw vegetables consumed in Budur, Turkey. Food control. 31(2): 482-484.
  4. Agbalaka, P.I., Ejinaka, O.R., Yakubu, D.P., Obeta, U.M., Jwanse, R.I., Dawet, A., (2019). Prevalence of parasites of public health significance in vegetables sold in Jos metropolis, plateau state, Nigeria. America journal of public health research. Vol 7 (2):48-57.
  5. Ahmed, Z., Teshome, D., Tariku, B., Jiru, B.M., Abdusemed, H., Jafer, Y., (2024). Parasitic contamination of fresh vegetables and fruits sold in open-air markets in peri-urban areas of Jimma City, Oromia, Ethiopia: A community-based cross-sectional study. Plos one 19(3):e0290655.
  6. Alemu, G., Nega, M., Alemu, M., (2020). Parasitic Contamination of Fruits and Vegetables  Collected from Local Markets of Bahir Dar City, Northwest Ethiopia. Res Rep Trop Med. 25 (11):17-25. doi: 10.2147/RRTM.S244737. PMID: 32280295; PMCID: PMC7127876.
  7. Al-mergm, W.A.I., (2010). Prevalence of intestinal parasites in leafy vegetables in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. International journal of tropical medicine. 5(2): 20-23.
  8. Andrew, H., Nobert, M., Joachim, M., (2019). Comparative Pathobiology of the Intestinal Protozoan Parasites Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica, and Cryptosporidium parvum. Pathogens 8(3):116.
  9. Anthony, A.A., Isaac, D.A., Thor, A.S., Mathew, E.V., James, R.M., (2018). Epidemiological Evidence and Health Risks Associated With Agricultural Reuse of Partially Treated and Untreated Wastewater: A Review. Front public health 6:337.
  10. Behnam, B., Asma, A., Behzad, K., Mahmood, A.S., Mohammad, H., (2021). The prevalence of foodborne parasites in raw vegetables in Iran: a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis. J Environ Health Sci Eng. 19(2):2027-2045.
  11. Bekele, F., & Shumbej, T., (2019). Fruits and vegetables contamination with medically important helminthes and protozoans in Tarcha town, south west Ethiopia. Research and report in Trop. (10):19-23.
  12. Damen, J.G., Banwat, E.B., Egah, D.Z., Allanana, J.A., (2007). Parasitic contamination of commercial vegetables in Jos, Nigeria. Annals of Africa medicine. 6(7): 115-118.
  13. Dawet, A., Ipadoela, R.B., Yakubu, D.P., Danahap, L.S., Agbalaka, P.L., (2019). Parasitic contamination of some fruits, vegetables, and nuts in Jos, Plateau state, Nigeria. International journal of public and environmental health. 135-143.
  14. Dima, EI.S., Marwan, O., Angel, H., Iman, H., Issmat, I.K., Sara, K., Fouad, D., Monzer, H., (2023). Parasitic Contamination of Fresh Leafy Green Vegetables Sold in Northern Lebanon. Pathogens  12(8):1014.
  15. Eraky, M., Rashed, S., Nasr, M., El-Hamshary, A., Salah EL-Ghannam, A., (2014). Parasitic contamination of commonly consumed fresh leafy vegetables in Benha, Egypt. Journal of Parasitology Research. 613-960
  16. Ezatpour, B., Chegeni, A.S., Abdollahpour, F., Aazami, M., Alirezaei, M., (2013). Prevalence of parasitic contamination of raw vegetables in Khorramabad, Iran. Food control, 34(1): 92-95.
  17. Fagbenro, M.T., Mogaji, H.O., Oluwole, A.S., Adeniran, A.A., Alabi, O.M., Ekpo, U.F., (2016).   Prevalence of parasites found on vegetables and perception of retailers and consumers about contamination in Abeokuta Area of Ogun State Nigeria. Clinical microbiology & case reports, vol 2 (1):1-5.
  18. Fitsum, B., & Teha, S., (2019). Fruit and vegetable contamination with medically important helminthes and protpzoans in Tarcha town, Dawuro zone, South West Ethiopia. Res Rep Trop Med 10: 19-23.
  19. Gupta, N., Khan, D.K., Santra, S.C., (2009). Prevalence of intestinal helminths egg on vegetable grown in waste water –irrigation areas of Titagarh, West Bengal, India. food control (20):942-945. 
  20. Istifanus W.A., Panda S.M. (2018). Parasitic agents in fresh fruits and vegetables sold in open markets in Bauchi, Nigeria . Journal of Food Quality and Hazards Control. 5: 84 -88 .
  21. Joanne, L.S., Beate, L., (2012). Health benefits of fruits and vegetables. Adv nutr 3(4):506-516.
  22. Khana, W., Rafiqb, N., Nawazc, M.A., Kabird, M., Farooqie, Z.Ur R., Rommanf, M., Parvezg, R., Alfarrajh, S., Noori, A., Ujjanj, A.A., (2022). Parasitic contamination of fresh vegetables sold in open markets: a public health threat. Brazillian journal of biology, vol 82, e242614.
  23. Kudah, C., Simon, S., Frank B., (2018). Parasitic contamination of commonly consumed vegetables in two markets in Ghana. Ghana Med J. 52(2):88-93.
  24. Nyarango, R.M., Aloo, P.A., Kabiru, E.W., Nyanchongi, B.O., (2008). The risk of pathogenic intestinal parasite infections in Kisii Municipality,Kenya. BMC Public Health 14(8):237. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-8-237. PMID: 18620608; PMCID: PMC2478685.
  25. Rashidul, H., (2007). Human intestinal parasites. J health popul nutr 25(4):387-391.
  26. Seyyedeh, M.R., Mahmoodeza, B., Abbas, A.R., Amirhossein, P., Rahmat, S., (2021). Prevalence of parasitic contamination of raw vegetables consumed in Birjand city, South Khorasan province. Gene reports vol24:101268.
  27. Taha, G.U., Ayse, N.S., Onur, C., Funda, P.C., (2018). Role of vegetables in human nutrition and disease prevention. Doi:10.5772/intechopen.77038.
  28. Tamirat, T., Abdissa, B., Zeleke, M., Teferi, E., (2014). Parasitic contamination of fruits and vegetables collected from selected markets of jimma town, southwest Ethiopia. International scholarly research notices vol 2014. Pp1-7.
  29. Tsegahun, A., Deribew, G., Demissew, S., Tassew, T.S., Yosef, E.A., Berhanu, Y., (2023). Parasitic Contamination and Microbiological Quality of Commonly Consumed Fresh Vegetables Marketed in Debre Berhan Town, Ethiopia. Environ health insights 17:11786302231154755.
  30. Victoria, A.P., Victor, A.A., Akwashiki, O., Kumbak, D., (2019). Prevalence of human parasites associated with vegetables sold in maikatako market of Bokkos LGA Plateau State Nigeria. Proc. 43rd Annual conference of the Nigerian society of Animal Production FUT Owerri. Pp 1015-1018.
  31. Yahaya, O; Bishop, H.G; Umar, I.O; Enoch, A.C; Markus, D.A (2023). Distribution dynamics of intestinal parasites on vegetables sold in Egah market, Kogi state, Nigeria. Science world journal. Vol 18(1):71-74.

Vegetables serves is a rich source of minerals and roughages that are essential for maintenance of good health and prevention of diseases but can as well serve as a source of parasitic pathogens to man. Intestinal parasites are known to cause significant morbidity and mortality worldwide particularly in underdeveloped countries such as Nigeria. The rate of consumption of raw and undercooked vegetable which can serve as a means of transmission of intestinal parasite to people is high especially in Jos. This study was to determine parasitic contamination of commonly consumed vegetables sold in two markets in Jos South LGA. A total of 260 samples of fresh vegetables; Tomato, Carrot, Lettuce, Cabbage and Spinach were purchased from vendors and examined for parasitic contamination using ordinary centrifugation method. Out of 260 samples examined, 215 (82.69%) were contaminated with at least one type of parasite. Strongyloides stercoralis, Entamoeba coli, Entamoeba histolytica, Ascaris lumbricoides, Hookworm, Giardia lamblia, Taenia species, Enterobius vermicularis, and Mite accounted for 72.02%, 13.10%, 6.15%, 3.97%, 3.77%, 0.40% and 0.20% respectively in this study. Lettuce, Spinach, Cabbage, Carrot and Tomatoes accounted for 28.13, 22.18%, 21.15%, 15.61%, and 12.94% respectively with overall parasitic prevalence of 82.69%. Strongyloides stercoralis is the most prevalent parasite seen while Taenia specie, Enterobius vermicularis, and Mite are the least parasites seen. Lettuce has the highest contamination rate of 137 (28.13%) followed by Spinach 108 (22.18%) while Tomatoes 63 (12.94%) had the least contamination. The findings of the study suggest that there is potential high risk of acquiring parasitic infection from consumption of raw and undercooked vegetables sold in Jos South LGA, Plateau State. There should be proper washing and cooking of these vegetables before consumption since they can serve as source of transmission of parasites to man when eaten raw or undercooked.

Keywords : Vegetables, Parasites, Ordinary Centrifugation Method, Two Markets, Jos South.

Video Explanation for Published paper

Never miss an update from Papermashup

Get notified about the latest tutorials and downloads.

Subscribe by Email

Get alerts directly into your inbox after each post and stay updated.
Subscribe
OR

Subscribe by RSS

Add our RSS to your feedreader to get regular updates from us.
Subscribe