Authors : Sahasra V.; S. B. Prakalya; Nithiya Sri V.; Santhana Lakshmi V.; Dr. D. P. Siva Sakti Balan; R. J. Thayumanaswamy

Volume/Issue : Volume 11 - 2026, Issue 7 - July

Google Scholar : https://tinyurl.com/55ebms69

Scribd : https://tinyurl.com/3muj8y53

DOI : https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/26jul469

Note : A published paper may take 4-5 working days from the publication date to appear in PlumX Metrics, Semantic Scholar, and ResearchGate.

Abstract : The design and development of rifles represent a remarkable integration of classical physics and engineering principles, enabling significant improvements in accuracy, range, reliability, and operational efficiency. This descriptive review examines the fundamental physical concepts that govern rifle performance and explains how these principles have influenced firearm engineering from early smoothbore weapons to modern rifled firearms. The review focuses on the application of mechanics, rotational dynamics, internal and external ballistics, fluid dynamics, material science, and structural engineering in rifle design. Key topics include the role of rifling in imparting gyroscopic stability, the influence of barrel geometry and twist rate on projectile motion, pressure generation during propellant combustion, recoil mechanics, and the effects of aerodynamic forces on bullet trajectory. Additionally, the paper discusses engineering advancements in barrel manufacturing, material selection, and precision machining that have enhanced firearm durability, consistency, and performance. By synthesizing information from established scientific literature, engineering principles, and historical developments, this review demonstrates how classical physics provides the theoretical foundation for modern rifle technology. The study also highlights the interdisciplinary relationship between mechanical engineering, materials engineering, and applied physics in the evolution of firearm design. Overall, the review offers a comprehensive understanding of the scientific principles underlying rifle operation and serves as a valuable reference for researchers, engineering students, forensic scientists, and professionals interested in firearm technology and ballistic science.

Keywords : Classical Mechanics, Thermodynamics, Fluid Dynamics, Materials Science, and Biomechanics, Internal Ballistics, External Ballistics, Terminal Ballistics.

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