Authors : Kambale Kisuba; Bernard Guyah; Silas O. Awuor; Collins Ouma

Volume/Issue : Volume 11 - 2026, Issue 2 - February

Google Scholar : https://tinyurl.com/3dje925t

Scribd : https://tinyurl.com/yjzrvnb7

DOI : https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/26feb1096

Note : A published paper may take 4-5 working days from the publication date to appear in PlumX Metrics, Semantic Scholar, and ResearchGate.

Abstract : Background Urinary tract infections (UTIs) in pregnant women can lead to serious maternal and fetal complications, especially among those living with HIV, who are more prone to opportunistic infections. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) can exacerbate these infections and may vary by pregnancy trimester, HIV clinical stage, and UTI type (symptomatic vs. asymptomatic bacteriuria). This study aimed to assess antibiotic resistance in urinary tract bacteria isolated from HIVpositive pregnant women in relationship to pregnancy trimester, UTI type, and HIV clinical stage.  Methods A hospital-based prospective cross-sectional study was conducted at Jaramogi Oginga Odinga Teaching and Referral Hospital (JOOTRH). A total of 168 midstream urine samples were collected from HIV-positive pregnant women attending antenatal clinic and taken to the laboratory for processing. SPSS 25.0 was used for data analysis.  Results UTI prevalence was 23.8%(40/168). Majority 62.5%(105/168) were in HIV stage I. Additionally, 47.6%(80/168) were in second trimester. UTI symptoms were showed in 32.1%(54/168) participants. Self-medication was reported in 28.6%(48/168) of participants. E. coli was the most common Gram-negative isolate 25%(10/40), followed by P. aeruginosa 22.5%(9/40), K. pneumoniae 20%(8/40), and P. mirabilis 12.5%(5/40). Among Gram-positive bacteria: S. aureus was 100% (10/10) sensitive to Clindamycin; Coagulase-negative Staphylococci (CoNS) (5/5)100% sensitive to Nitrofurantoin; and S. saprophyticus showed 100%(2/2) sensitivity to Penicillin, Nitrofurantoin, Clindamycin, and TrimethoprimSulfamethoxazole. Multidrug Resistance (MDR) was observed in 80%(8/30) of E. coli, 77.8%(7/30) of P. aeruginosa, and 62.5%(5/30) of K. pneumoniae. Significant association was found between antibiotic resistance and age of pregnancy, HIV stage and types of UTIs (p<0.05). Conclusion High antibiotic resistance among UTI pathogens complicates empirical treatment. Surveillance of AMR is essential to guide effective therapy, especially in resource-limited settings.

Keywords : Antibiotic Resistance, UTI, HIV, Pregnant Women

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