Authors : Faith Erika C. Flores; Kimberly J. Alarma; Mikaela N. Obusan; Marc Paul L. Perillo

Volume/Issue : Volume 11 - 2026, Issue 1 - January

Google Scholar : https://tinyurl.com/3fdf9985

Scribd : https://tinyurl.com/4m69ccwz

DOI : https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/26jan523

Note : A published paper may take 4-5 working days from the publication date to appear in PlumX Metrics, Semantic Scholar, and ResearchGate.

Abstract : This study investigated the in vitro antibacterial activity of Batuan (Garcinia binucao) fruit crude extract against Staphylococcus aureus, a bacterium commonly associated with skin infections and colonization of the mouth and nose. A parallel-group experimental design was employed, testing three concentrations of the extract (50%, 75%, and 100%) using the agar disk diffusion method. The fruit samples underwent authentication, extraction, dilution, and antibacterial screening, with each treatment replicated in three trials. The results revealed that the 100% concentration exhibited the largest inhibition zone (29.91 mm on average), followed by 75% (21.75 mm), oxacillin (21.70 mm), and 50% (17.60 mm). The statistical analysis using one-way ANOVA indicated a significant difference among the treatments, with the computed F-value (32.9290) exceeding the critical F-value (4.0662), thereby rejecting the null hypothesis. These findings demonstrate that antibacterial activity increases with extract concentration, confirming that Batuan fruit crude extract is effective against Staphylococcus aureus and has potential as a natural antimicrobial agent.

Keywords : Batuan, Staphylococcus aureus, Abscesses, Crude, Extract.

References :

1. Staph infection. (2025, June 2). Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21165-staph-infection-staphylococcus-infection
2. Tan Jr, J. J. E., Tantengco, O. A. G., Tan, N. R. C., Silverio, C. E., Sison, A. D. V., Maria Jr, J. P. S., … & Medina, P. M. B. (2024). Effect of Garcinia binucao crude leaf extract supplementation on lifespan of Drosophila melanogaster chronically exposed to alcohol. Acta Medica Philippina, 58(5), 52. https://doi.org/10.47895/amp.vi0.5911
3. Recuenco, M. C., De Luna, J. R. P., Magallano, N. G., & Salamanez, K. C. (n.d.). Phytochemical screening, total phenolics, and antioxidant and antibacterial activities of selected Philippine indigenous fruits. University Knowledge Digital Repository. https://www.ukdr.uplb.edu.ph/journal-articles/205/
4. Zhang, J., Tu, J., Chen, Y., & Jin, X. (2023). Clinical characteristics and homology analysis of Staphylococcus aureus from would infection at a tertiary hospital in southern Zhejiang, China. BMC Microbiology, 23(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12866-023-02921-x
5. Felix, L., Mishra, B., Khader, R., Ganesan, N., & Mylonakis, E. (2022). In Vitro and In Vivo   Bactericidal and Antibiofilm Efficacy of Alpha Mangostin Against Staphylococcus aureus Persister Cells. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2022.898794
6. DrugBank. (2025). Oxacillin (DB00713). In DrugBank Online. Retrieved September 28, 2025, from https://go.drugbank.com/drugs/DB00713
7. Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic properties of the methanolic fruit extract of Batuan, Garcinia binucao (Blanco) choisy. (2022). https://tuklas.up.edu.ph/Record/UP-1685675941123990853
8. Salinas, C., Florentín, G., Rodríguez, F., Alvarenga, N., & Guillén, R. (2022). Terpenes Combinations Inhibit Biofilm Formation in Staphyloccocus aureus by Interfering with Initial Adhesion. Microorganisms, 10(8), 1527. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10081527
9. Adolacion, M. L., Desierdo, A. M., Esmero, J., Ocampo, N., Tanco, A. M., Jarencio, E. J., & Lachica, A. (2023). Gentoxic Evaluation of Batuan (Garcia binucao) Fruit Extract using Onion (Allium cepa) Root Tip Assay. Virtutis Incabula, 10(1), 87–95. https://doi.org/10.63173/3bgxv476
10. Meena, B. R., Chittora, D., Yadav, J., Meena, S., Kumar, S., Jain, T., & Sharma, K. (2022). Effect of Different Physical Factors on efficacy of Thevetia peruviana leaf extract and bio-formulations. Biochemistry and Biophysics Reports, 30, 101271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrep.2022.101271
11. In Vitro Study of Antibacterial Property of Garcinia binucao ‘’Batuan Fruit’’ Extract Against Multi-Drug Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii https://www.researchgate.net/publication/383300209_In_Vitro_Study_of_Antibacterial_Property_of_Garcinia_binucao_’’Batuan_Fruit’’_Extract_Against_Multi-Drug_Resistant_Acinetobacter_baumannii
12. FAOLEX. (2022). https://www.fao.org/faolex/results/details/en/c/LEX-FAOC155105/
13. World Health Organization: WHO. (2023, November 21). Antimicrobial resistance. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/antimicrobial-resistance
14. Editorial Team & By Editorial Team. (2024, April). Germ Theory of Disease - Biology Notes online. Biology Notes Online. https://biologynotesonline.com/the-germ-theory-of-disease/
15. Hou, D., Lian, T., Guo, G., Gong, H., Wu, C., Han, P., Weng, S., & He, J. (2023). Integration of microbiome and Koch’s postulates to reveal multiple bacterial pathogens of whitish muscle syndrome in mud crab, Scylla paramamosain. Microbiome, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40168-023-01570-6
16. Dion, C. F., & Ashurst, J. V. (2023, August 8). Streptococcus pneumoniae. StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470537/
17. Turner, J. R. (2020). Parallel Group design. In Springer eBooks (p. 1436). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1005-9_1041
18. Ross, A., & Willson, V. L. (2017). One-Way Anova. In SensePublishers eBooks (pp. 21–24). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6351-086-8_5
19. Bustamante, B. L. M., Fejerman, L., May, L., & Martínez-López, B. (2024). Community-acquired Staphylococcus aureus skin and soft tissue infection risk assessment using hotspot analysis and risk maps: the case of California emergency departments. BMC Public Health, 24(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-023-17336-6
20. Vaou, N., Stavropoulou, E., Voidarou, C., Tsigalou, C., & Bezirtzoglou, E. (2021). Towards Advances in Medicinal Plant Antimicrobial Activity: A review Study on Challenges and Future Perspectives. Microorganisms, 9(10), 2041. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9102041
21. Gavanji, S., Bakhtari, A., Famurewa, A. C., & Othman, E. M. (2023). Cytotoxic activity of herbal medicines as assessed in vitro: a review. Chemistry & Biodiversity, 20(2). https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.202201098