Authors : Satyadhar Joshi

Volume/Issue : Volume 10 - 2025, Issue 5 - May

Google Scholar : https://tinyurl.com/2p9z3nhu

DOI : https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/25may964

Note : A published paper may take 4-5 working days from the publication date to appear in PlumX Metrics, Semantic Scholar, and ResearchGate.

Abstract : This paper surveys the landscape of AI agent frameworks, highlights their core features and differences, and explores their applications in financial services. We synthesize insights from recent industry reports, academic research, and technical blog posts, focusing on frameworks such as CrewAI, LangGraph, LlamaIndex, and others. We also discuss the challenges and opportunities of deploying agentic AI in production environments, with an emphasis on financial trading, investment analysis, and decision support. We analyze the rapidly evolving landscape of agentic AI systems, focusing on their architecture, capabilities, and practical implementations in banking, trading, and risk management. The study examines prominent frameworks including LangGraph for stateful agent orchestration, CrewAI for collaborative multi-agent workflows, and AutoGen for conversational agent systems, alongside industry platforms like IBM watsonx and NVIDIA NIM. The study examines both technical frameworks (LangGraph, CrewAI, AutoGen, etc.) and practical implementations in financial institutions. We highlight productivity gains (up to 80% time reduction in data tasks), risk management improvements, and workforce transformation challenges. The paper concludes with recommendations for financial institutions adopting agentic AI solutions. Our analysis reveals three key findings: (1) specialized agent frameworks achieve 50-80% productivity gains in financial data tasks compared to traditional approaches, (2) multi-agent systems demonstrate particular promise in complex domains like algorithmic trading and fraud detection, and (3) successful deployment requires addressing critical challenges in workforce upskilling, risk alignment, and regulatory compliance. The paper provides a theoretical foundation for agentic AI in finance, introducing formal models for agent design patterns, multimodal fusion, and market microfoundations. We further present a summary of several evaluation frameworks for assessing agent performance across financial use cases, including portfolio optimization and AML compliance. The study concludes with recommendations for financial institutions adopting agentic AI, emphasizing the need for standardized architectures, robust testing protocols, and hybrid human-AI workflows.

Keywords : AI Agents, Agentic AI, Financial Services, Multi-Agent Systems, Generative AI, Risk Management, Multi-Agent Systems, Financial Technology, LLMs Autonomous Agents, Frameworks.

References :

1. P. van Schalkwyk, “Part 3 AI at the Core: LLMs and Data Pipelines for Industrial Multi Agent Generative Systems,” XMPRO. Jul. 2024. Accessed: Feb. 09, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://xmpro.com/part-3-ai-at-the-core-llms-and-data-pipelines-for-industrial-multi-agent-generative-systems/
2. S.-H. Chen, “Computationally intelligent agents in economics and finance.” Elsevier, 2007.
3. E. Pounds, “What Is Agentic AI?” NVIDIA Blog. Oct. 2024. Accessed: Feb. 09, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://blogs.nvidia.com/blog/what-is-agentic-ai/
4. B. Jadhav, “What is Agentic AI?” Aisera: Best Generative AI Platform For Enterprise. Jul. 2024. Accessed: Feb. 04, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://aisera.com/blog/agentic-ai/
5. A. Winston, “What are AI agents and why do they matter?” The GitHub Blog. Aug. 2024. Accessed: Feb. 09, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://github.blog/ai-and-ml/generative-ai/what-are-ai-agents-and-why-do-they-matter/
6. “Agents.” Accessed: Feb. 09, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://www.langchain.com/agents
7. “LangGraph.” Accessed: Feb. 09, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://www.langchain.com/langgraph
8. “CrewAI.” Accessed: Feb. 09, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://www.crewai.com/
9. “AI Agentic Design Patterns with AutoGen.” Accessed: Feb. 09, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://www.deeplearning.ai/short-courses/ai-agentic-design-patterns-with-autogen/
10. crickman, “Semantic Kernel Agent Framework (Experimental).” Oct. 2024. Accessed: Feb. 09, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/semantic-kernel/frameworks/agent/
11. “Agentforce: Create Powerful AI Agents Salesforce US.” Accessed: Feb. 09, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://www.salesforce.com/agentforce/
12. “Build an Autonomous AI Assistant with Mosaic AI Agent Framework,” Databricks. Nov. 2024. Accessed: Feb. 09, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://www.databricks.com/blog/build-autonomous-ai-assistant-mosaic-ai-agent-framework
13. “What are compound AI systems and AI agents?” Accessed: Feb. 09, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://docs.databricks.com
14. “What is Vertex AI Agent Builder?” Google Cloud. Accessed: Feb. 09, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://cloud.google.com/generative-ai-app-builder/docs/introduction
15. “AI Agents Amazon Bedrock Agents AWS,” Amazon Web Services, Inc. Accessed: Feb. 09, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://aws.amazon.com/bedrock/agents/
16. wmwxwa, “AI agents and solutions Azure Cosmos DB.” Dec. 2024. Accessed: Feb. 09, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/cosmos-db/ai-agents
17. “AI Agent Development IBM watsonx.ai.” Accessed: Feb. 09, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://www.ibm.com/products/watsonx-ai/ai-agent-development
18. “Agents PydanticAI.” Accessed: Feb. 09, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://ai.pydantic.dev/agents/
19. “Pydantic/pydantic-ai.” Pydantic, Feb. 2025. Accessed: Feb. 04, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic-ai
20. K. Aydın, “Which AI Agent framework should i use? (CrewAI, Langgraph, Majestic one and pure code),” Medium. Nov. 2024. Accessed: Feb. 09, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://medium.com/@aydinKerem/which-ai-agent-framework-i-should-use-crewai-langgraph-majestic-one-and-pure-code-e16a6e4d9252
21. “AI Agent Frameworks Compared: LangGraph vs CrewAI vs OpenAI Swarm.” Accessed: Feb. 09, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://www.relari.ai/blog/ai-agent-framework-comparison-langgraph-crewai-openai-swarm
22. “AI Agent Frameworks: Choosing the Right Foundation for Your Business IBM.” Jan. 2025. Accessed: Feb. 09, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://www.ibm.com/think/insights/top-ai-agent-frameworks
23. L. Yee, M. Chui, R. Roberts, and S. Xu, “Why agents are the next frontier of generative AI,” McKinsey Digital Practice, 2024. Available: https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/mckinsey/business%20functions/mckinsey%20digital/our%20insights/why%20agents%20are%20the%20next%20frontier%20of%20generative%20ai/why-agents-are-the-next-frontier-of-generative-ai.pdf
24. “How Agentic AI will transform financial services,” World Economic Forum. Dec. 2024. Accessed: Feb. 13, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://www.weforum.org/stories/2024/12/agentic-ai-financial-services-autonomy-efficiency-and-inclusion/
25. M.-A. N. Microfoundations, K. Nakagawa, and M. Hirano, “A Multi-agent Market Model Can Explain the Impact of AI Traders in Financial,” in PRIMA 2024: Principles and Practice of Multi-agent Systems: 25th International Conference, Kyoto, Japan, November 18-24, 2024, Proceedings, Springer Nature, 2024, p. 97.
26. W. Zhang et al., “A multimodal foundation agent for financial trading: Tool-augmented, diversified, and generalist,” in Proceedings of the 30th ACM SIGKDD Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, 2024, pp. 4314–4325.
27. Y. Yu et al., “Fincon: A synthesized llm multi-agent system with conceptual verbal reinforcement for enhanced financial decision making,” arXiv preprint arXiv:2407.06567, 2024.
28. H. Yang et al., “FinRobot: An Open  Source AI Agent Platform for Financial Applications using Large Language Models,” arXiv preprint arXiv:2405.14767, 2024.
29. X. Han, N. Wang, S. Che, H. Yang, K. Zhang, and S. X. Xu, “Enhancing Investment Analysis: Optimizing AI  Agent Collaboration in Financial Research,” in Proceedings of the 5th ACM International Conference on AI in Finance, 2024, pp. 538–546.
30. K. Rogerson, “Sphere for Employees – Agentic AI Copilot for Financial Services,” interface.ai. Oct. 2024. Accessed: Feb. 04, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://interface.ai/blog/sphere-employees-agentic-ai-copilot-financial-services/
31. B. Jadhav, “How Agentic AI is Redefining Employee Productivity?” Aisera: Best Generative AI Platform For Enterprise. Aug. 2024. Accessed: Feb. 13, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://aisera.com/blog/agentic-ai-employee-productivity/
32. “Cognizant Neuro AI,” www.cognizant.com. Accessed: Feb. 13, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://www.cognizant.com/us/en/services/neuro-intelligent-automation/neuro-generative-ai-adoption
33. H. Clatterbuck, C. Castro, and A. M. Morán, “Risk alignment in agentic AI systems,” Rethink Priorities, 2024. Available: https://rethinkpriorities.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/RiskAlignment.pdf
34. “Why 45% of financial firms are turning to GenAI for risk management,” IBS Intelligence. Accessed: Feb. 04, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://ibsintelligence.com/ibsi-news/why-45-of-financial-firms-are-turning-to-genai-for-risk-management/
35. M. See, “AI and gen AI developments in credit risk management,” International Association of Credit Portfolio Managers, 2024. Available: https://iacpm.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/215pm_AI-and-Gen-AI-developments-in-Credit-Risk_SEE.pdf
36. “Embracing generative AI in credit risk McKinsey.” Accessed: Feb. 13, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://www.mckinsey.com/capabilities/risk-and-resilience/our-insights/embracing-generative-ai-in-credit-risk
37. E. Y. sinclair-schuller, “Wielding the double-edged sword of GenAI.” Accessed: Feb. 04, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://www.ey.com/
38. “Agentic AI – the new frontier in GenAI.” Accessed: Feb. 04, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://www.pwc.com/m1/en/publications/agentic-ai-the-new-frontier-in-genai.html
39. “Artificial intelligence and machine learning in financial services,” Financial Stability Board, 2024. Available: https://www.fsb.org/uploads/P14112024.pdf
40. E. C. Bank, “Artificial intelligence: A central bank’s view,” Jul. 2024, Accessed: Feb. 13, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://www.ecb.europa.eu/press/key/date/2024/html/ecb.sp240704_1~e348c05894.en.html
41. “The rise of AI agents,” Moody’s Analytics, 2023. Available: https://www.moodys.com/web/en/us/insights/resources/the-rise-of-ai-agents.pdf
42. “AI and GenAI.” Accessed: Feb. 13, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://www.moodys.com/web/en/us/capabilities/gen-ai.html
43. internationalbanker, “Navigating the Generative AI Frontier: Balancing Risk and Workforce Transformation in Banking,” International Banker. Dec. 2024. Accessed: Feb. 13, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://internationalbanker.com/technology/navigating-the-generative-ai-frontier-balancing-risk-and-workforce-transformation-in-banking/
44. “Risks of generative AI in financial services,” Roosevelt Institute, 2024. Available: https://rooseveltinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/RI_Risks-Generative-AI-Financial-Services_Brief_202409.pdf
45. “Agentic AI: The new frontier in generative AI - an executive playbook,” PricewaterhouseCoopers, 2024. Available: https://www.pwc.com/m1/en/publications/documents/2024/agentic-ai-the-new-frontier-in-genai-an-executive-playbook.pdf
46. “Generative AI: Making waves,” Amazon Web Services, 2024. Available: https://pages.awscloud.com/rs/112-TZM-766/images/AWS_Gen_AI_Making_Waves_Report.pdf
47. W. Zhang et al., “A multimodal foundation agent for financial trading: Tool-augmented, diversified, and generalist,” in Proceedings of the 30th ACM SIGKDD Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, 2024, pp. 4314–4325.
48. “The rise of generative AI in SEC filings,” Arize AI, 2024. Available: https://arize.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/The-Rise-of-Generative-AI-In-SEC-Filings-Arize-AI-Report-2024.pdf
49. “How financial firms can maximize value and minimize risk with generative AI,” Cognizant, 2024. Available: https://www.cognizant.com/en_us/industries/documents/how-financial-firms-can-maximize-value-minimize-risk-with-gen-ai.pdf
50. “Synthetic data, not generative AI,” Fintech Tables, 2024. Available: https://fintech-tables.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/Synthetic-data-not-Gen-AI-2.pdf
51. “Payments unbound: Volume 4,” JPMorgan Chase & Co., 2024. Available: https://www.jpmorgan.com/content/dam/jpmorgan/documents/payments/Payments-Unbound-Volume4.pdf
52. S.-H. Chen, “Computationally intelligent agents in economics and finance,” Information Sciences, vol. 177. Elsevier, pp. 1153–1168, 2007.
53. S. Fatemi and Y. Hu, “FinVision: A Multi-Agent Framework for Stock Market Prediction,” in Proceedings of the 5th ACM International Conference on AI in Finance, 2024, pp. 582–590.
54. X. Han, N. Wang, S. Che, H. Yang, K. Zhang, and S. X. Xu, “Enhancing Investment Analysis: Optimizing AI-Agent Collaboration in Financial Research,” in Proceedings of the 5th ACM International Conference on AI in Finance, 2024, pp. 538–546.
55. M.-A. N. Microfoundations, K. Nakagawa, and M. Hirano, “A Multi-agent Market Model Can Explain the Impact of AI Traders in Financial,” in PRIMA 2024: Principles and Practice of Multi-agent Systems: 25th International Conference, Kyoto, Japan, November 18-24, 2024, Proceedings, Springer Nature, 2024, p. 97.
56. H. Yang et al., “FinRobot: An Open-Source AI Agent Platform for Financial Applications using Large Language Models,” arXiv preprint arXiv:2405.14767, 2024, Available: https://arxiv.org/abs/2405.14767
57. Y. Yu et al., “Fincon: A synthesized llm multi-agent system with conceptual verbal reinforcement for enhanced financial decision making,” arXiv preprint arXiv:2407.06567, 2024, Available: https://arxiv.org/abs/2407.06567
58. “Introducing llama-agents: A Powerful Framework for Building Production Multi  Agent AI Systems — LlamaIndex Build Knowledge Assistants over your Enterprise Data.” Accessed: Feb. 09, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://www.llamaindex.ai/blog/introducing-llama-agents-a-powerful-framework-for-building-production-multi-agent-ai-systems
59. “Deploy Generative AI with NVIDIA NIM NVIDIA.” Accessed: Feb. 09, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://www.nvidia.com/en-us/ai/
60. “IBM watsonx.” Accessed: Feb. 04, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://www.ibm.com/watsonx
61. “Leveraging Retrieval  Augmented Generation (RAG) in Banking: A New Era of Finance Transformation.” Accessed: Feb. 13, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://revvence.com/blog/rag-in-banking
62. “Camel-ai/camel.” camel-ai.org, Feb. 2025. Accessed: Feb. 10, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://github.com/camel-ai/camel
63. “AI Agents: Ready to Fight Financial Crime at Your Fingertips.” Accessed: Feb. 13, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://discover.workfusion.com/trynow
64. “Capitec Bank employees save more than 1 hour per week with Microsoft 365 Copilot and Azure Open AI Microsoft Customer Stories.” Accessed: Feb. 13, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://www.microsoft.com/en/customers/story/19093-capitec-bank-azure-open-ai-service
65. A. Woodie, “AI Agent Claims 80% Reduction in Time to Complete Data Tasks,” BigDATAwire. Feb. 2025. Accessed: Feb. 13, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://www.bigdatawire.com/2025/02/04/ai-agent-claims-80-reduction-in-time-to-complete-data-tasks/
66. “JPMorgan Chase rolls out AI assistant powered by ChatGPT-maker OpenAI.” Accessed: Feb. 13, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://www.cnbc.com/2024/08/09/jpmorgan-chase-ai-artificial-intelligence-assistant-chatgpt-openai.html
67. “Zetaris introduces Agentic AI for the financial services sector,” KMWorld. Dec. 2024. Accessed: Feb. 04, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://www.kmworld.com/Articles/ReadArticle.aspx?ArticleID=167095
68. “AI Agents,” ServiceNow. Accessed: Feb. 04, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://www.servicenow.com/products/ai-agents.html
69. [69]  “AI Agent Index – Documenting the technical and safety features of deployed agentic AI systems.” Accessed: Feb. 09, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://aiagentindex.mit.edu/
70. “Top 5 Frameworks for Building AI Agents in 2024 (Plus 1 Bonus),” DEV Community. Oct. 2024. Accessed: Feb. 09, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://dev.to/thenomadevel/top-5-frameworks-for-building-ai-agents-in-2024-g2m
71. “These 2 AI Agent Frameworks Appear to Be Dominating Headlines—But Which One’s Better? HackerNoon.” Accessed: Feb. 09, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://hackernoon.com/these-2-ai-agent-frameworks-appear-to-be-dominating-headlinesbut-which-ones-better
72. S. Arya, “Top 7 Frameworks for Building AI Agents in 2025,” Analytics Vidhya. Jul. 2024. Accessed: Feb. 09, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://www.analyticsvidhya.com/blog/2024/07/ai-agent-frameworks/
73. A. G, “Best 5 Frameworks To Build Multi  Agent AI Applications.” Accessed: Feb. 09, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://getstream.io/blog/multiagent-ai-frameworks/
74. “Gartner Says Generative AI will Require 80% of Engineering Workforce to Upskill Through 2027,” Gartner. Accessed: Feb. 13, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://www.gartner.com/en/newsroom/press-releases/2024-10-03-gartner-says-generative-ai-will-require-80-percent-of-engineering-workforce-to-upskill-through-2027
75. “AI Upskilling Strategy IBM.” Aug. 2024. Accessed: Feb. 13, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://www.ibm.com/think/insights/ai-upskilling
76. “GenAI 2024 Survey.” Accessed: Feb. 13, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://kpmg.com/us/en/media/news/gen-ai-survey-august-2024.html
77. GenAI Doesn’t Just Increase Productivity. It Expands Capabilities.” BCG Global. Aug. 2024. Accessed: Feb. 13, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://www.bcg.com/publications/2024/gen-ai-increases-productivity-and-expands-capabilities
78. S. Singh, “Agentic AI in Banking: Transforming Financial Services,” Apexon. Accessed: Feb. 04, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://www.apexon.com/blog/the-rise-of-agentic-ai-in-banking/
79. S. Getty Joel Martin, “GenAI isn’t a threat to your job; agentic AI is,” HFS Research. Sep. 2024. Accessed: Feb. 13, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://www.hfsresearch.com/research/genai-isnt-threat-job-agentic-ai/
80. AI in Banking: Benefits, Risks, What’s Next,” Search Enterprise AI. Accessed: Feb. 13, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://www.techtarget.com/searchenterpriseai/feature/AI-in-banking-industry-brings-operational-improvements
81. Generative-ai-for-beginners/17-ai-agents/README.md at main · microsoft/generative-ai-for-beginners,” GitHub. Accessed: Feb. 09, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://github.com/microsoft/generative-ai-for-beginners/blob/main/17-ai-agents/README.md
82. Satyadhar Joshi, “A Literature Review of Gen AI Agents in Financial Applications: Models and Implementations,” International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), doi: https://www.doi.org/10.21275/SR25125102816.
83. Satyadhar Joshi, “Advancing innovation in financial stability: A comprehensive review of ai agent frameworks, challenges and applications,” World Journal of Advanced Engineering Technology and Sciences, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 117–126, 2025, doi: 10.30574/wjaets.2025.14.2.0071.
84. Satyadhar Joshi, “Agentic Generative AI and the Future U.S. Workforce: Advancing Innovation and National Competitiveness,” Feb. 03, 2025, Social Science Research Network, Rochester, NY: 5126922. doi: 10.2139/ssrn.5126922.
85. Satyadhar Joshi, “Generative AI: Mitigating Workforce and Economic Disruptions While Strategizing Policy Responses for Governments and Companies,” Feb. 12, 2025, Social Science Research Network, Rochester, NY: 5135229. doi: 10.2139/ssrn.5135229.
86. Satyadhar Joshi, “Implementing Gen AI for Increasing Robustness of US Financial and Regulatory System,” IJIREM, vol. 11, no. 6, Art. no. 6, Jan. 2025, doi: 10.55524/ijirem.2024.11.6.19.
87. Satyadhar Joshi, “Leveraging prompt engineering to enhance financial market integrity and risk management,” World J. Adv. Res. Rev., vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 1775–1785, Jan. 2025, doi: 10.30574/wjarr.2025.25.1.0279.
88. Satyadhar Joshi, “Retraining US Workforce in the Age of Agentic Gen AI: Role of Prompt Engineering and Up- Skilling Initiatives,” International Journal of Advanced Research in Science, Communication and Technology (IJARSCT), vol. 5, no. 1, 2025.
89. Satyadhar Joshi, “Review of autonomous systems and collaborative AI agent frameworks,” International Journal of Science and Research Archive, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 961–972, 2025, doi: 10.30574/ijsra.2025.14.2.0439.
90. Satyadhar Joshi, “Review of Data Engineering and Data Lakes for Implementing GenAI in Financial Risk A Comprehensive Review of Current Developments in GenAI Implementations,” Jan. 01, 2025, Social Science Research Network, Rochester, NY: 5123081. doi: 10.2139/ssrn.5123081. Doi: https://doi.org/10.48175/IJARSCT-23272
91. Satyadhar Joshi, “Review of Data Engineering Frameworks (Trino and Kubernetes) for Implementing Generative AI in Financial Risk,” Int. J. Res. Publ. Rev., vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 1461–1470, Feb. 2025, doi: 10.55248/gengpi.6.0225.0756.
92. Satyadhar Joshi, “Review of Data Pipelines and Streaming for Generative AI Integration: Challenges, Solutions, and Future Directions”, International Journal of Research Publication and Reviews, Vol 6, no 2, pp 2348-2357 February 2025.
93. Satyadhar Joshi, “The Synergy of Generative AI and Big Data for Financial Risk: Review of Recent Developments,” IJFMR - International Journal For Multidisciplinary Research, vol. 7, no. 1, doi: https://doi.org/g82gmx.
94. Satyadhar Joshi, “The Transformative Role of Agentic GenAI in Shaping Workforce Development and Education in the US,” Feb. 01, 2025, Social Science Research Network, Rochester, NY: 5133376. Accessed: Feb. 17, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=5133376
95. Satyadhar Joshi, “Review of Data Engineering Frameworks (Trino and Kubernetes) for Implementing Generative AI in Financial Risk,” Int. J. Res. Publ. Rev., vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 1461–1470, Feb. 2025, doi: 10.55248/gengpi.6.0225.0756.
96. Satyadhar Joshi, “Review of autonomous systems and collaborative AI agent frameworks,” International Journal of Science and Research Archive, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 961–972, 2025, doi: 10.30574/ijsra.2025.14.2.0439.