Authors : Ami Patel; Sneha Chauhan; Ayush Prajapati; Dhara Chavda; Dhruri Gothi; Utsav Panchal

Volume/Issue : Volume 11 - 2026, Issue 4 - April

Google Scholar : https://tinyurl.com/2jmfm3sk

Scribd : https://tinyurl.com/5yf73bcj

DOI : https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/26apr753

Note : A published paper may take 4-5 working days from the publication date to appear in PlumX Metrics, Semantic Scholar, and ResearchGate.

Abstract : Diabetes mellitus is a major public health concern worldwide, with increasing prevalence in both rural and urban populations. Various demographic, clinical, and lifestyle-related risk factors contribute to its development and progression. Understanding these risk factorsis essentialfor effective prevention and management strategies. To compare the risk factors associated with diabetes mellitus among rural and urban populations. : A cross-sectional comparative study was conducted among 97 diagnosed diabetic patients. Data were collected using a structured data collection form, including demographic details, clinical parameters (age, BMI, HbA1c, duration of diabetes, blood pressure) and lifestyle factors such as smoking, alcohol consumption andphysical activity. Socioeconomic status was assessedusing theKuppuswamyscale. Statisticalanalysis was performed using Jamovi software. Independent sample t-test was applied to assess differences between rural and urban groups, with p < 0.05 considered statistically significant. Among the participants, 44 were from urban areas and 53 from rural areas. The mean BMI was significantly higher in urban patients compared to rural patients (p = 0.002). However, no statistically significant differences were observed in age, HbA1c levels, duration of diabetes, systolic and diastolic blood pressure between the two groups (p > 0.05).

Keywords :  DM- Diabetes Mellitus  IDDM-Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus  NIDDM-Non-Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus  HG-Hyperglycaemia  IR-Insulin Resistance

References :

1. Chinmay D,‘‘Diabetes Mellitus: A Review.’’ Int. J. Pure.. Appl Biosci. 2021, 9, 224- 230.
2. Mohan H. In Pathology, 6th Edn, Jaypee Brothers, New Delhi, 2010, pp 949.
3. Gemma M and Terry J, “Diabetes care for the older patient ”, Aug 2011, https://share.google/images/mWU5Gj8WZFU4aqGva
4. Rebecca T, ‘‘Type 1 Diabetes.” World J. Diabetes. 2024, 15, 145-152.
5. LeWine HE , ‘‘Type 2 Diabetes’’, May 2024, https://share.google/f6AQBbrayzIYK3Spy
6. Linkey K, Pamela J, “Diabetes ketoacidosis and hyperglycemic state.”, AM. Nurse. J. 2021,16,153-163.
7. Mohan H. In Pathology, 6th Edn, New Delhi, Jaypee Brothers, 2010, pp 13.
8. Steven EK, ‘‘Complication of Diabetes.’’ Diabetes Care. 2025, 48, 27-49.
9. Colberg SR, “Exercise and Type 2 Diabetes.” Diabetes Care. 2016, 39, 65–79.
10. Nathan DM, ‘‘Medical management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes.’’Diabetes Care. 2009,32,193–203.
11. Mohan H, In Pathology, 6th Edn, Jaypee Brothers, New Delhi, 2010, pp 949.
12. Ramachandran A, “High of Diabetes and Risk Factors Associated with Urbanization India.’’ IDRF. 2012, 9, 213-216.
13. Lyssenko V, Anna J, ‘‘Clinical risk factors, DNA variants, and the development of type 2 diabetes.’’ N. Engl J. Med. 2008, 39, 50-85.
14. Quang N, ‘‘Evaluation and Managment of diabetes mellitus’’, Oct 2008, https://share.google/cDoekFTIhZBgfHXnB
15. Misra P, ‘‘A review of the epidemiology of diabetes in rural India.’’ All India Inst Med Sci. 2001, 4, 713-716.
16. Barone B, ‘‘Risk Factors for Type 2 Diabetes Among Women with Gestational Diabetes: A Systematic Review’’, March 2009, https://share.google/5VlYv3pIoSqkOzFXT
17. Hunt KJ, Schuller KL,‘‘Risk Factors for Type 2 Diabetes Among Women with Gestational Diabetes: A Systematic Review.’’ Biostat. Epidemiol. 2003, 9, 39-56.
18. Mehta SR, Diabetes Mellitus in India: The Modern Scourge’’, Jan 2009
19. Qing W, Harris MF, ‘‘Cardiovascular risk levels in general practice patients type 2 diabetes in rural and urban areas.’’ Aust. J. Rural Health. 2007, 15, 327-333.
20. Sagar BD, Michelle M, ‘‘Burden and management of type 2 diabetes in rural United States.’’ Diabet. Metab. Res Rev. 2020, 36, 110-135.
21. Dendup VT, ‘‘Environmental Risk Factors for Developing Type2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review’’, Jan 2018, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322292489
22. Selina R, ‘‘Issues that impact type-2 diabetes self-management in rural communities.’’ J. Am. Assoc.Nurse Pract. 2015,27,653-660.
23. Fletcher C, “Risk Factors for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.’’ J. Cardiovasc. Nurs. 2022, 37, 17-23.
24. Mathur R, Dent T, ‘‘Risk models and scores for type 2 diabetes.’’ Nobel D. 2011, 30, 45-55.
25. Einarson TR, ‘‘Prevalence of cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes: a systematic literature review of scientific evidence from across the world in 2007–2017’’, June 2018, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29884191/
26. Hussain A, ‘‘Type 2 diabetes in rural and urban population: diverse prevalence and associated risk factors in Bangladesh.’’Diabet. Med. 2005, 22, 932-936.
27. Knol MJ, “Depression as a risk factor for the onset of type 2 diabetes mellitus”, March 2006, https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00125-006-0159-x
28. Robert HK, ‘‘Gestational Diabetes and the Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes: A systematic review.” Diabetes care. 2002, 25, 70-90.
29. Selina RN, ‘‘Issues that impact type-2 diabetes self-management in ruralcommunities” J. Am. Assoc. Nurse Pract. 2015, 27, 653-660.
30. Sharon AD, ‘‘Diabetes Care and Education in Rural Regions’’, March 2008, https://doi.org/10.1177/0145721708316318
31. Robin W, ‘‘Type 2 Diabetes in Urban Black and Rural White Women.’’ SAGE J. 2009, 16, 25-250.
32. The jamovi project. jamovi (Version 2.7) [Computer software]. 2025. Available from: https://www.jamovi.org.
33. R Core Team. R: A language and environment for statistical computing (Version 4.5) [Computer software]. 2025. Available from: https://cran.r-project.org.
34. Fox J, Weisberg S. car: Companion to Applied Regression [R package]. 2024. Available from: https://cran.r- project.org/package=car.
35. Mohan V, Mathur P, Deepa R, “Urban rural differences in prevalence of self- reported diabetes in India: WHO–ICMR NCD risk factor surveillance.” Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract. 2008, 80, 159–168.
36. Anjana RM, Deepa M, “Prevalence of diabetes and prediabetes in 15 states of India.” Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2017, 16, 345-367.
37. Deepa M, Bhansali A, “Knowledge and awareness of diabetes in urban and rural India.” Indian J. Endocrinol. Metab. 2014, 40, 111-135.
38. Gupta R, Deedwania PC “Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in an urban Indian population.” Int. J. Cardiol. 2004, 97, 257–261.